Career in Psychology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Career in Psychology - Research Paper Example These crimes have proven difficult for security agencies to handle thereby making it important for the intervention of professionals, to try and demystify crime so as to get to the core factors that would help the society to understand ways in which this enigma can be dealt with. Due to the rising crime rates, this profession becomes a promising venture for interested people especially due to the fact that their services are essential in the dissemination of justice in our criminal justice systems. By understanding why people commit crimes, it becomes possible to assist them after they are confined in correctional facilities for example by offering them with proper guidance and counseling on how to become respectable citizens. It can also help the government to strengthen its institutions for example those involved in wealth creation if the major cause of crime is poverty, or education sector if it is found that lack of education is the contributing factor (Abrahamsen, 2002). Terrorism activities for example were in the past perceived as being encouraged by factors related to diversity in religion but psychologists have come up with other theories of political, economical and ideological dimension as well as revenge for acts committed in the past (Abrahamsen, 2002). This therefore makes criminal psychology one of the critical fields in psychology that people should venture in since it is almost difficult to wipe out criminal activities in our

World Trade bombing Essay Example for Free

World Trade bombing Essay The battle against terrorism has been centered on the Middle East where top terrorist group Al Qaeda – perpetrators of the World Trade bombing – has been formed and operated under Osama Bin Laden’s leadership. Evidences such as videotapes of Al Qaeda members being trained in the camps as well as reading scriptures from the Quran have been seen by the public concluding a message that this a group acting in the name of religion, on behalf of Islam and of their God, Allah. Terrorist groups have risen out of different events in history where Muslims consistently suffered under the hands of their western conquerors. One of these events is the declaration of the Israeli state displacing a lot of Muslim Palestinians, thus, resulting into a full blown civil war which still occurs today. The alliance of the powerful United States with the Israeli Jews and the invasion of the said country to Afghanistan (Osama’s home country), and Iraq for oil purposes; urged a call for all Muslims to fight against the United States and its allies. Allah, the God of Islam, is seen as a god that does not tolerate injustice and seen as a leader who is the protector of the oppressed and punish non-believers. Seeing the damages that the war in Israel and in Afghanistan brought to the Muslim, Osama has taken the lead in calling for the Muslim people to uphold Allah’s laws and fight off the injustice deeds of the powerful conquerors. His message boxed the compass: kick out the foreign armies occupying Muslim lands, defend the pure poor from the corrupt rich, upend the high and mighty, inspire youth by one’s own selflessness†¦His effrontery against the odds acted as a powerful magnet. (Randal, 2005, p. 46) By carrying out the trait of Allah as the warrior of the oppressed people, the message of Osama and the success of the bombings in Lebanon strengthen the aim to form terrorist factions in order to spread Islam and abolish all kinds of religions. Martyrdom The goal of fighting off non-Islamic factions has instilled an image of a ruthless oppressor due to the Muslims’ experience under the hands of western groups that has a completely different belief from them. As terrorist groups have been established, members are always being reminded about their purpose through indoctrination. Leaders of the group would often read the scriptures from the Quran, retells the heroic acts of the Islamic wars; and most importantly if they are to prepare for a suicide mission, the leaders reminds them Allah’s will of self-sacrifice and the rewards that awaits them in paradise after death (Bongar, Brown, Beutler, Bongar, Zimbardo, 2007, p. 110). Martyrdom is not a duty to be followed, it is embraced by the members wholeheartedly and waiting for it with anticipation. The act of a suicide attack is a manifestation of the martyrdom. For the Muslim terrorists, achieving martyrdom by means of suicide is a way of cleansing the sins and a form of reward. Mortal life is a life encompassed with sin. From the Christian perspective, people are destined to either go to heaven or to hell depending on the sins that have been committed and repented during his or her mortal life. On the other hand, the Islam teaches that through martyrdom, a sinner can redeem himself or herself from the sins that have been done. Participating in a suicide mission is a method to reach self-purification and to be clean from all the sins which will make an individual worthy of the eternal paradise (Pedahzur, 2005, p. 37). Aside from the promise of self-redemption, martyrdom is also use to pose as a reward not just the after-life paradise with Allah but also for family members of the terrorist. One such reward can include a change in the family’s social status (Pedahzur, p.37) where a terrorist coming from the lowest class will be granted a heroic honor for his or her death thus, earning social acceptance and a higher lifestyle from the accumulated financial or material compensation. The family of a martyr terrorist is given a â€Å"certificate of martyrdom† which they can show to avail of privileges in buying food, clothing, and gaining access to social events (Reuter Ragg-Kirkby, 2004, p. 45). Martyrdom is encompassed by the Islamic belief system of ‘jihad’ where the very word has been defined as ‘struggle’ (Habeck, 2006, p. 4). This definition within the context of martyrdom can be said that by means of suicide, to momentarily struggle the pain of inflicting pain or death to the physical body is the path towards eternal happiness. It is a motivation to conclude someone’s life which serves a purpose for the greater good of the Muslim people and for bringing Islam to the top of political power. The Other Purpose of Suicide Terrorism Aside from the strong ideology provided by religion, terrorist groups opted to perform suicide attacks because of practical reasons. Suicide Terrorism has basically became a trend in the new millennium when it comes to attacking opponents. Bruce Hoffman (who specialized in terrorism research stated that suicide attacks are low cost, effective, and cause public attraction (cited in Purpura, 2007, p. 56). Since most of the terrorist factions came from the poverty-stricken countries, if an organization is not supported by an independent financer, suicide attack is a priority to use. Most of the bombs that are attached to the suicide bomber are custom made out of inexpensive materials and to perform a suicide attack, it takes little training since the bomber mixed anonymously with the ordinary citizens (Nikonov, 2007, p.30). Another important aspect of the reference in using suicide attacks, it is because due to the fact that it cost little money and training but it guarantee media coverage (Purpura, p. 56). To be publicized is an essential part so that the group can relay its message to the enemies and at the same time to gain recognition. Recognition in a sense that, when a group member committed a suicide attack it legitimizes the group. The death of a member contributes to the sense of legitimacy and dramatic community investment in a cause. The message is that there is no going back. Some groups engage in glorification of the act, deliberately hyping a â€Å"culture of martyrdom† lionizing the attacker. This celebrity can be powerfully attractive to potential recruits, and with the suicide often comes greater general attention as well to the motivation for the act. (Linden, 2003, p. 83) Lastly perhaps the most important practical usage of suicide attack is that upon the death of the bomber, it is already a clean break. Just like Hoffman stated that there is no need for an escape plan (Purpura, p. 56) and the information with regards to the terrorist organization is left as a mystery. Impact of Suicide Attack to Society Since most of the suicide attackers are left unknown, some researchers have estimated profile of suicide bomber. This includes recruits which have an age range from 16-23 years old comprised of mostly single male while female attackers only made up of a small number; and normally members come from different social classes, with the educated leading the faction (Bongar, et al. , p. 106). It is a pattern that those who have attained education are the ones who organized the group into trainings and launching terrorist activities. From the preceding discussion, the well-publicized feedback that the suicide terrorism receives entails to induce fear not just to its specific targets but to the whole sector of the community. Unlike the conventional wars of the past, the soldiers are the ones who are assured of being killed but for suicide terrorism, it encapsulates the whole society in danger. The unknown identity of the attackers and the massive casualties it caused make people revel into a never ending insecurity. The trust within the structure of the society disappears as anyone can be the victim and anyone can be the suspect. According to Christopher Reuter and Helena Ragg-Kirkby (2004): Suicide attacks affect us profoundly and powerfully. They remind us that there are people who consider their struggle – whatever the cause – to be more important than their own lives. They annihilate the entire logic of power, since no credible threat can be made against someone who has no desire to survive. (p. 2) This form of terrorism of leaves the society in paralyzed fear with no direction of counter measures to fight against it. It is likened to a battle where one is fully armed however; darkness blinded the vision to properly defeat it. Suicide terrorism does not choose its victims any longer. The main concern refers to how huge it inflicts damage and to convey its power by materializing fear in the form of bloodshed. Perhaps this is the biggest challenge that the modern generation may have encounter, the unknown face of terror is one hard to beat. References Battin, M. P. (2005). Ending Life. New York: Oxford University Press. Bongar, B. M. , Bongar, B. , Brown, L. M. , Beutler, L. E. , Zimbardo, P. G. (2007). Psychology of Terrorism. New York: Oxford University Press.

History of the Big Bang Theory Essay -- Historical Science

The strength of the Big Bang theory lies in the evidence for it, not the mechanism used to explain it. Actually, the theory has been revised a great deal since its first proposition and is probably not exactly as you think it is. I'll explain it in the order of historical development. My apologies if this is a bit technical - don't worry if you don't understand it all. The theory was first proposed in the 1930s, based on Edwin Hubble's discovery that distant galaxies are receding. Hubble measured the distances to a large number of galaxies (based on the observed brightness of certain stars within them), and compared these distances with their electromagnetic spectra. As it turned out, more distant galaxies had the features in their spectra (spectral lines) shifted to lower frequencies in a linear manner: that is, more distant galaxies exhibit greater redshifts. The only known mechanism for generating a spectral shift is the Doppler effect, which means that distant galaxies are receding from us. This suggests that in the past, galaxies were much closer to us than they are now: simply extrapolate the motion into the past. As it turns out, if this is performed, it indicates that all galaxies in the observable universe would have been at the same 'location' about 11 billion years ago: that is, all the matter in the universe originated from a single location. This is the (simplified) Big Bang theory. Actually, it's a little more complicated than that: according to general relativity, it's not really that distant galaxies are flying away from us, it's that space itself is expanding, increasing the distance. You can think of the universe as the surface of a balloon, with the balloon constantly expanding. Not everyone believed ... ...e realm of current science. We don't yet have a theory that can handle the conditions present at that time yet. However, from the era of inflation on, high-energy physicists and cosmologists are quite confident of the theory, as crazy as it sounds! In fact, this specific theory makes its own predictions regarding the exact distribution of fluctuations of the cosmic microwave background, which have so far been confirmed, though complete confirmation will have to wait until the MAP and FERMI satellites become operational later in this decade. The bottom line is that historical sciences (in this case, cosmology) can make testable predictions: the existence of background radiation and its properties, the distribution of light isotopes, the presence of galaxy evolution, the age constraint, and so on. The same goes with evolutionary biology, another historical science.

Disagreements Between Experts in Natural Sciences

What are disagreements? Often an image of an argument between friends or spouses is associated with this word. However, this is very stereotypical because the word can have many interpretations. Disagreements occur in forms other than between individuals. For example, the argument between religion and atheism is a disagreement between two schools of thoughts, and the conflict between the scientist and the public on global warming is a disagreement between two communities of people. These disagreements sometimes narrow our perspective on the issue at hand.It prevents us to see the world with an open-mind to try and work through the conflict. Although this is true, can disagreements aid the pursuit of knowledge? To what extend does disagreements in natural and human sciences aid the pursuit of knowledge? In what ways are the pursuits of knowledge different in human and natural sciences? Human sciences study and interpret experiences, activities, constructs, and artifacts associated wit h humans. While natural science gives us insight into the world with the lack of the â€Å"human factor†.Although the human science is generally known to be less â€Å"scientific†, due to the fact that not all variables can be controlled, it is by no means the lesser of the two areas of knowledge. But because of this added â€Å"human factor†, the results from human science experiments normally have a larger deviation from the mean. This means more trials and larger sample sizes are required to overcome this disadvantage. Is there a difference between the disagreements in human and natural sciences? Some theories in human sciences are asserted without a way to disprove it.An example of a theory that is not able to be falsified is Freud’s theory on the ego-superego-id structure of human behavior. Any story could be made up about a patient to explain their psychological problems through the basis of ego, superego, and id, but it does not prove the cause of the disorder. Human science theories in general posit some facts about the internal behavior of an individual based on their outward behavior, and then predict future actions on the basis of the internal facts. We have now disproved Freudian psychology, because it is highly unlikely.But have we really disproved it? The fact that ego, superego, and id do not relate to anything definite prevents scientists to study each individually, thus there is no way to prove or disprove the theory. These unfalsifiable theories lead to a list of theories that could be true, but could not be proven true or false. This prevents the elimination of wrong theories; instead we mark them as â€Å"unlikely†. How do we know which theory to accept as the truth? Thus, a disagreement between two theories in the human sciences can never be resolved with hard evidence.It is rather resolved by weighing the likeliness of the prospect, a very unscientific way to gain support. This is the reason it is harder to reach the truth through the process used by the human sciences. However, this does not mean knowledge cannot be gained from disagreements in human sciences. In fact, it is easy to gain knowledge of trends in observed data, but it is extremely hard to reach the right conclusion based off the data. Theories in natural sciences are known for their falsifiability.They are created to encompass the evidences already present, instead of inferring evidences based on the theories as mentioned in some cases in the human sciences. When there is a disagreement between two theories in the natural science, although there is not always a definite â€Å"winner†, there are always definite â€Å"losers†. If the theory can give an explanation for all of the evidence then it wins a temporary victory. I say temporary because new evidences can emerge that the old theory does not encompass. This is the way to falsify a theory.For example, Newton’s law of gravitation was supplanted by Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity when it failed explain the motion of extremely small and extremely large objects. It is when none of the theories provide an explanation for the evidences that we can continue the pursuit of knowledge. Science makes progress precisely because there are disagreements. Without these internal conflicts, science does not renew its basis, and is cold and dead. Just because during the disagreement a theory came out as the â€Å"loser†, does not mean the theory is discarded forever.A â€Å"loser† can undergo small modifications to provide an improved fit to the evidence. Theories might be defeated now but later come out as the new winner. As a scientifically minded individual, I understand that I should not always trust the current paradigms in science. I learned that just a century ago we did not believe that we could land on the moon. Looking back at it now, this belief was absurd. We landed on the moon only sixty-six years after the Wright Brothers. This is the reason as a student I enjoy intentionally creating disagreements when it comes to scientific concepts.These healthy competitions between scientific ideas are what weeds out the weak hypotheses from the strong ones. In the long run, this ability to falsify is what leads humans to discover knowledge and uncover the truth. So in the case of natural science, disagreement leads to a truth to the best of the knowledge at the time. Disagreements in science do not only occur in the form of conflicts between theories. Scientists often produce controversial discoveries that the general public do not want to accept. Why is it in our human nature to resist change?Most of the time change leads to knowledge, but it is almost like we are trying to protect ourselves from the facts. For example, there are many people out there that deny global warming. This is due to the fact that the media puts the spotlight on the controversial scientists that are mostly con fined to non-participants in global climate science. Since their theories are often not published in the scientific journals, they resort to the media to gain support for their ideas. Their poorly evidential theories gain support from the public because most of them trust these â€Å"experts†.I know I stated before that we should never regard anything as impossible, but this is absurd because the theories are asserted without evidence. People are against putting funds to resolve this â€Å"fake† problem, thus prohibits the pursuit of knowledge. Can we ever assert anything without evidence in science? According to the scientific method, an inductive method, any statements must start with observations and evidences in nature. Based on the scientific method, nothing can be asserted without evidence. But the scientific method is only exclusively used in a perfect world, or when you are in elementary school through high school.In the real world of science many researchers d o not follow the scientific method to a tee. They are able to assert a falsifiable statement instead of a hypothesis before their research, and during their research will try to disprove their statement. Although I believe this opens the results to a lot of conformational bias, it is widely used in the scientific community. Disagreements in science do not only occur in the professional field. Many students seek the pursuit of knowledge through classroom discussions. In biology class this year, we were talking about telomeres. I asked Mr.Creighton â€Å"If we age because our cells chop off the ends of our DNA after each replication, how can we produce sperm and eggs which create a baby with young DNA? † This question led to a whole class discussion on the theories of aging. Although there were many disagreements, at the end of the class period, I found myself to have a better understand of the process of aging and cellular division. If the whole class decided that the cutting of telomere was the only theory to the process of aging, then there would not have been arguments, and I would not have gained any new knowledge.Disagreements come in many forms. From verbal arguments to all-out war, disagreements permeate our society. Most of the time they are known to reverse the pursuit of knowledge because it closes the participant’s mind to further ideas, but disagreements in science are different. Scientists understand that their ideas improve with the criticism of their peers, and that is the only way science can advance. However, this does not mean that all disagreements in science promote the pursuits of knowledge, because there are certainly different forms of disagreements in science.Disagreements in humans sciences tend to create a deadlock because none of the ideas can be disproved. The deadlock can be only solved through â€Å"popularity† contests. This can be easily demonstrated in politics. Politicians claim that their policies are the best for the United States. Since there are no ways to disprove them, they are selected mostly depending how they are viewed by the public. Disagreements can occur between two scientists and their theories or ideas, this is constructive because it allows mutual aid to improve their hypotheses. But some disagreements in science can be unconstructive.This is especially true when the public is misinformed and actively prevent the pursuit of knowledge. The public has a need to know the truth. I believe people have to be able to think for themselves and be able to identify pseudo-science from real science. They have to able to identify demagogues from people who are trying to create a better future. Does science have an absolute truth? I do not think so. Science is not a religion, but an instrument for people who want to discover the world through an organized fashion. I appreciate its willingness to entertain disagreements to pursue knowledge.

Bob Knowlton Essay

1. DESCRIPTION This case is about a work team that worked together effectively, bonded well and felt comfortable around each other. All until another person (Fester) came into the company who had more knowledge that the leader of the group (Knowlton), causing a form of intimidation causing Knowlton to resign, and the group to be without a leader. 2. DIAGNOSIS. The main problem in this case was the lack of confidence Knowlton developed due to a new member to the company who had more knowledge to bring to the table. Knowlton was impressed by Fester’s approach to the group- analyzed reports, defined the flaws in the group, and new ways to address things. In addition the group was uncomfortable with the amount of knowledge Fester obtained causing lack in work performance- not able to speak out their thoughts/opinion, act with hesitation, and less team meetings. Basically Fester interfered with their normal routine. THEORY: The theory behind all of this was Fester was supposed to be partnered up with Knowlton to get an ideal of his work. However, due to propinquity which Luthans describes as â€Å"individuals affiliate with one another because of partial or geographical proximity† Fester got involved by reviewing previous report, leading him to raise concerns and questions (2011). Furthermore, according to Newcomb’s balance theory of group formation, Fester and Knowlton did not have similar attitudes to common objects and goals of the group causing a failure to connect. Moreover, with Fester pointing out good ideas that would have actually helped the group, the group didn’t want to make that effort to try to take that new approach and was resistant to change. Luthans describes this as the punctuated equilibrium model, â€Å"groups form in a first phase in which a target or mission is set and then are not altered very easily due to a process called inertia, or systematic resistance to change† (2011). Lastly Knowlton demonstrated poor leadership skill by leaving the group rather than trying to stick it out. 4. PRESCRIPTION: Short term resolutions: Would be to find the group a new leader. Long term resolutions: Would be for Knowlton to realize his flaws as a leader. He has self-efficacy up until the point that someone obtains more knowledge. Knowlton needs to realize that there will always be someone who know more. Furthermore the group needs to learn to adapt to change and no how to step out of their comfort zones- change up their process, reach for more. 5. FALLOUT: For Knowlton, if doesn’t change his ways he will never be a successful leader and instead a failure (quitter) – A true leader does not back down or quit without a fight. Furthermore, if the group don’t’ realize that things are bound to change, then they too will never find an occupation that they are happy with- businesses are growing and change is part of it. References: Luthans, F., (2011).Advanced Organization Behavior MBA 633. McGraw-Hill Learning Solutions.

Spanish Idioms of the Form Tener Noun

Spanish Idioms of the Form Tener Noun In Spanish, you can have it all. Thats because tener, the verb meaning to have in the sense of to possess (haber is the equivalent of the English auxiliary verb to have) is frequently used in idioms to refer to a wide range of emotions and other states of being. While we may say in English that you are hungry or a person is thirsty, in Spanish we say the equivalent of you have hunger or someone has thirst. Thus tienes hambre means you are hungry and tiene sed means he/she is thirsty. Tener Phrases Often Preferred to Adjectives Most of the tener noun idioms arent hard to learn, as they generally make sense as long as you know what the noun part of the phrase means. What can be challenging is learning when their use is preferred. For example, you may be aware that there is an adjective, hambriento, that means hungry. But youre unlikely to hear a sentence such as estoy hambriento (just as you arent likely to hear a native English speaker say, I have hunger, even though the sentence would be understood and grammatically correct). Usually, the tener noun idioms are translated using the English verb to be followed by an adjective. Following are some of the most common such uses of tener. tener cabeza (para), to have a mind (for): Tu hermana tiene cabeza para los negocios. (Your sister has a mind for business.)tener calor, to be hot: Siempre tienes calor. (Youre always hot.)tener carià ±o, to be fond: Pablo tiene carià ±o a Marà ­a. (Paul is fond of Mary.)tener celos, to be jealous: Tengo celos a mi hermana. (Im jealous of my sister.)tener claro, to be clear or sure:  Tenemos claro que podemos ayudar a mejorar nuestra sociedad. (Were sure that we can help improve our society.)  tener complejos, to be mentally insecure:  Tengo complejos con mi estilo de vida actual. (Im insecure about my current lifestyle.)tener cuidado, to be careful: Espero que tengas cuidado con el libro. (I hope youre careful with the book.)tener la culpa, to be guilty or at fault: Mi padre dijo que tengo la culpa. (My father said its my fault.)tener derecho, to have the right: Tengo derecho de votar. (I have the right to vote.)tener efecto, to have an effect: La hipnosis tiene efecto en e l cerebro. (Hypnosis does not have an effect on the brainl) tener à ©xito, to be successful: El jefe tiene un gran à ©xito. (The boss is very successful.)tener frà ­o, to be cold: Hace viento. Tengo frà ­o. (Its windy. Im cold.)tener ganas de infinitive, to be in the mood for, to feel like doing something: Tengo ganas de comer una hamburguesa. (I feel like eating a hamburger.)tener hambre, to be hungry: No ha comido. Tiene hambre. (He hasnt eaten. Hes hungry.)tener ilusià ³n, to be enthusiastic: Tiene ilusià ³n por viajar a California. (Hes enthusiastic about traveling to California.)tener miedo a noun, to be afraid of: Mi hermana tiene miedo a los serpientes. (My sister is afraid of snakes.)tener miedo de infinitive, to be afraid of: Tiene miedo de nadar. (Hes afraid of swimming.)tener prisa, to be in a hurry: Tengo prisa. El teatro comienza a las ocho. (Im in a hurry. The play begins at 8.)tener razà ³n, to be right: El cliente siempre tiene razà ³n. (The customer is always right.)tener sed, to be thirsty: He trabajado mucho. Ten go sed. (Ive worked a lot. Im thirsty.) tener sueà ±o, to be tired or sleepy: No has dormido. Tendrs sueà ±o. (You havent slept. You must be tired.)tener suerte, to be lucky: Mi hijo ganà ³ la loterà ­a. Tiene mucha suerte. (My son won the lottery. Hes very lucky.)tener vergà ¼enza, to be ashamed: Matà © a mi amigo. Tengo mucha vergà ¼enza. (I killed my friend. Im so ashamed.) Because tener is used so often to indicate mental states, it can be used by itself to ask someone how he or she is doing, especially if you suspect something is wrong:  ¿Quà © tienes? Whats up with you? Note that the adjective mucho or mucha can be used with the noun portion of the idiom to indicate degree as is expressed by very in English: Tengo sed, Im thirsty. Tengo mucha sed, Im very thirsty. Note also that tener is irregular in its conjugation.

Lesson Plan Step #8 Assessment and Follow-Up

Lesson Plan Step #8 Assessment and Follow-Up In this series about lesson plans, were breaking down the 8 steps you need to take to create an effective lesson plan for the elementary classroom. The final step in a successful lesson plan for  teachers is Learning Goals, which coming  after defining the following steps:   ObjectiveAnticipatory SetDirect InstructionGuided Practice  ClosureIndependent PracticeRequired Materials and Equipment An  8-step lesson plan is not complete without the final step of Assessment. This is where you assess the final outcome of the lesson and to what extent the learning objectives were achieved. This is also your chance to adjust the overall lesson plan to overcome any unexpected challenges that may have arisen, preparing you for the next time you teach this lesson. Its also important to make note of the most successful aspects of your lesson plan, to ensure that you continue to capitalize on strengths and continue to push forward in those areas.   How to Assess Learning Goals Learning goals can be assessed in a variety of ways, including through quizzes, tests, independently performed worksheets, cooperative learning activities, hands-on experiments, oral discussion, question-and-answer sessions, writing assignments, presentations, or other concrete means. However, its important to remember that you may have students who better display their mastery of a topic or skill through non-traditional assessment methods, so try to think about creative ways you can assist those students in demonstrating mastery. Most importantly, teachers need to ensure that the Assessment activity is directly and explicitly tied to the stated learning objectives  you developed in step one of the lesson plan. In the learning objective section, you specified what students would accomplish and how well they would have to be able to perform a task in order to consider the lesson satisfactorily accomplished. The goals also had to fit within your district or state educational standards for the grade level. Follow-Up: Using the Results of the Assessment Once the students have completed the given assessment activity, you must take some time to reflect on the results. If the learning objectives were not adequately achieved, you will need to revisit the lesson in a different manner, revising the approach to learning. Either you will need to teach the lesson again or youll need to clear up areas that confused several of the students. Whether or not most students showed understanding of the material, based on the assessment, you should note how well students learned different parts of the lesson. This will allow you to modify the lesson plan in the future, clarifying or spending more time on areas where the assessments showed the students were weakest. Student performance on one lesson tends to inform performance on future lessons, giving you insight into where you should take your students next. If the assessment showed the students fully grasped the topic, you may want to proceed immediately to more advanced lessons. If understanding was moderate, you may want to take it slower and reinforce the takeaways. This may require teaching the entire lesson again, or, just portions of the lesson. Assessing different aspects of the lesson in greater detail can guide this decision.   Examples of Types of Assessments Quiz: a short series of questions with right and wrong answers that may not count towards a grade.Test: a longer or more in-depth series of questions that probes for more understanding of the topic and may count towards a grade.Class discussion: rather than a quiz or test that is scored, a discussion helps identify understanding. Its important to make sure all students are able to demonstrate mastery here, so that no one is lost in the shuffle.  Hands-on experiment: Where the subject matter is appropriate, the students apply the lesson to an experiment and record the outcomes.Worksheet: Students fill out a worksheet, especially for math or vocabulary lessons, but it also could be developed for many topics.Cooperative Learning activities: Students work in a group to solve a problem or have a structured discussion.Illustrations or Graphic Organizers: These can include Venn diagrams, K-W-L (Know, Want to Know, Learned) charts, flow charts, pie charts, concept maps, character traits, c ause/effect diagrams, spider web, cloud chart,T-chart, Y-chart, semantic feature analysis,fact/opinion chart, star chart, cycle chart, and other appropriate graphic  organizers. Often the subject will determine which works best as an assessment tool. Edited by Stacy Jagodowski

Serial Killers Ray and Faye Copeland

Serial Killers Ray and Faye Copeland Ray and Faye Copeland lust for killing came with their retirement years. Why this couple, both in their 70s, went from being loving grandparents to serial killers, who used the clothing of their victims to make winter quilts to snuggle under, is both morbid and perplexing. Here is their story. Ray Copeland Born in Oklahoma in 1914, Ray Copelands family never spent much time in the same place. When he was a child, his family was constantly moving, on the hunt for employment. The situation worsened during the Depression, and Copeland dropped out of school and began scrounging for money. Not satisfied with earning meager wages, he got involved in scamming people out of property and money. In 1939 Copeland was found guilty of stealing livestock and check forgery. He was sentenced to a year in jail. Faye Wilson Copeland Copeland met Faye Wilson not long after he was released from jail in 1940. They had a brief courtship, then married and began having children one after another. With several additional mouths to feed, Copeland quickly returned to stealing from  livestock ranchers. While this may have been his chosen profession, he wasnt very good at it.   He was constantly getting arrested and did several stints in jail. His scam was not very slick. He would buy cattle at auctions, write fraudulent checks, sell the cattle and try to leave town before the auctioneers were informed that the checks were bad. If he failed to leave town in time, he would promise to make the checks good, but never follow through, In time, he was banned from buying and selling livestock. He needed a scam that would allow him to operate despite the ban, one that he could profit from, and that the police could not trace back to him. It took him 40 years to think one up. Copeland began hiring vagrants and drifters to work on his farm. He set up checking accounts for them, then sent them to buy livestock with bad checks from their accounts. Copeland then sold the livestock and the drifters would be fired and sent on their way. This kept the police off his back for awhile, but in time he was caught and returned to jail. When he got out, he went back to the same scam, but this time he made sure the hired help would never be caught, or even heard from again. The Copeland Investigation In October 1989, Missouri police received a tip that a human skull and bones could be found on farmland owned by an elderly couple, Ray and Faye Copeland. Ray Copelands last known stint with the law involved a livestock scam, so as police questioned Ray inside his farmhouse about the scam, authorities searched the property. It did not take them long to find five decomposing bodies buried in shallow graves around the farm. The autopsy report determined that each man had been shot in the back of the head at close range. A register, with names of the transient farmhands who had worked for the Copelands, helped police identify the bodies. Twelve of the names, including the five victims found, had a crude X in Fayes handwriting, marked next to  each name. More Disturbing Evidence Authorities found a .22-calibre Marlin bolt-action rifle inside the Copeland home, which ballistics tests proved to be the same weapon as the one used in the murders. The most disturbing piece of evidence, besides the scattered bones and rifle, was a handmade quilt Faye Copeland made out of the dead victims clothing. The Copelands were quickly charged with five murders, identified as Paul Jason Cowart, John W Freeman, Jimmie Dale Harvey, Wayne Warner and Dennis Murphy. Faye Insisted Knowing Nothing About Murders Faye Copeland claimed to know nothing about the murders  and stuck to her story even after being offered a deal to change her murder charges to conspiracy to commit murder in exchange for information about the remaining seven missing men listed in her register. Although a conspiracy charge would have meant her spending less than a year in prison, compared to the possibility of receiving the death sentence, Faye continued to insist she knew nothing about the murders. Ray Attempts an Insanity Plea Ray first tried to plead insanity, but eventually gave up and tried to work out a plea agreement with prosecutors. The authorities were not willing to go along and the first-degree murder charges remained intact. During Faye Copelands trial, her attorney tried to prove that Faye was another one of Rays victims and that she suffered from Battered Women Syndrome. There was little doubt that Faye had indeed been a battered wife, but that not was enough for the jury to excuse her cold murderous actions. The jury found Faye Copeland guilty of murder and she was sentenced to death by lethal injection. Soon after, Ray was also found guilty and sentenced to death. The Oldest Couple Sentenced to Death The Copelands made their mark in history for being the oldest couple to be sentenced to death, however, neither were executed. Ray died in 1993 on death row. Fayes sentence was commuted to life in prison. In 2002 Faye was compassionate release from prison because of her declining health and she died in a nursing home in December 2003, at age 83. Source The Copeland Killings by T. Miller

Movie review topic Extinguishing the ecstasy of anger Essay

Movie review topic Extinguishing the ecstasy of anger - Essay Example Despite of the hardships, they still push through the objectives and the vision of their organization. The focus of the paper would be on the reasoning rendered by the review about The Interrupters. The main argument is related to the quality of the review and the supporting details would be used to verify the strength of the argument presented. Later on a conclusion would be made to prove that the supporting details really strengthened the argument. Roger Eberts said that â€Å"The Interrupters" is the closest thing to a real-life superhero origins story that any of us might ever experience. This film is exactly that: a superhero origins documentary. It might be the most powerful movie I have ever seen.† He wanted to convince the audience that the documentary movie was the greatest film ever as it reflected the heroic acts that can be compared to heroic deeds that are seen only on fantasies. Eberts concluded that people in the movie â€Å"identifies a problem, and seeks to fix it, with, or without any fanfare. The characters in our story are nothing more or less than what they are: humans with delicate hearts, seeking a few rays of hope.† The Interrupters is a good piece of a film as its quality is great catching the scenes that proves the existence and real impacts of the works of the organization CeaseFire. Their group may have some vigilante factor but the strength of their motivation adds help to the peace mai ntenance in their place. The movie The Interrupters shows the story about real-life superheroes as the characters in the movie are real people and not actors (Ebert Paragraph 1). They are captured while doing the real thing. Just like superheroes they face adversities even if danger is present and they risk their lives to save people. Dozens of Chicago killings rise and children are the usual victims. They are ignored and majority of people are busy on other events such as football games (Ebert

Fighter Jets Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fighter Jets - Speech or Presentation Example The role of the air force could be divided into the following tasks: interdiction, close support, bombing, reconnaissance and air superiority. Interdiction is the task in which the air force intercepts an aerial target as it is moving towards its destined objective. Close support means the air force will provide lead aerial fire support against opposing ground or sea targets. Reconnaissance is the observation and gathering of enemy presence and movement from a safe distance. Air superiority is the task of securing the airspace of a battle-zone to ensure control of aerial advantages. In the case of air superiority, victory lies in the side that have the better skills and an even a near equal measure of equipment. The only way of getting rid of opposing air superiority is by either having the better pilots and planes, or by having the ground forces have a superior anti-air defense system and weaponry. Fighter jets could make use of either auto-cannons or different kinds of missiles to destroy aerial targets. Auto-cannons are used when aerial combat has become a close ranged dogfight. Missiles are used differently, depending on its kind and size. Some missiles are heat-seeking types which home into any heat signature found in the radar sight. Radar-guided missiles are missiles that are guided to a target based on the direction the radar bore-sight is aimed on. In combat, pilots of fighter jets would either have to maneuver their way from getting shot down, or make use of different countermeasures like flares, chaff or jamming systems, to avert any enemy weapons from hitting them. It should be remembered that the introduction of jet aircrafts, despite being a scientific and engineering endeavor, is a co-related to the arms race of military powers in gaining advantages of air power and superiority. During the First World War, the concept of air warfare was born and put into its early stages of application. While most critics in the military circles that time express ed that aircrafts in warfare will just be relegated to a purely reconnaissance role, a handful of visionary and forward thinking military officers and theorists saw the great potential of aircraft in more combative roles in future wars to come. The latter among the two sides were very much correct. Come the Second World War, the world’s powerful military nations already developed a formal and fundamental doctrine for their air forces. It became apparent to military leaders in the world’s leading nations that control of the air would limit the role of enemy ground and maritime forces since aircrafts literally have the sky as the limits unlike the armies and navies. Germany and Russia developed their air force doctrine to play a close combat support in tandem with their ground forces with respect to combined arms tactics and strategy. The British pursued a more active air superiority and defense role for its aircraft, while developing long range strategic bombing strateg ies with the Americans later on. The Americans and Japanese developed the basis for naval aviation as they produced aircrafts designed to operate on naval aircraft carriers. As the war dragged on, Germany’s air force also developed into air superiority roles as they switched into a more defensive strategy. As the war prolonged during the Second World War, the nations at war would pour a great deal of effort in trying to get the advantage over their adversary by

ECONOMICS OF THE UAE Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

ECONOMICS OF THE UAE - Case Study Example Fossil fuels (oil, coal and gas) will remain the most supplied form of energy used throughout the globe. Hence this sector is an important source of economic growth for the gulf region. The structure of labour force also plays an important role in the economic development of any country. The structure of the UAE labour force has been studied in this paper and the pattern of expenditure of their income is investigated to assess the effect of labour force on the GCC economy. This paper analyses six articles on this issue and evaluates the findings to assess the process of economic growth of the GCC region. 1. The development and principal features of an oil economy The article by Issac John, titled, â€Å"Dubai government owned e-commerce website to expand in Gulf† published in Khaleej Times on 20 February 2013, explains this phenomenon. In 2011 GCC had a nominal GDP of US$1.4trilion (QNB, 2013). The economy of the GCC region is based on the oil reserves of the region and till p resent times it is known to have the largest reserves of crude oil in the whole world (approximately 486.8 billion barrels) (Gulfbase, 2013). While the OPEC countries together accounts for 70% of the total known crude oil reserves of the world, the GCC alone represent 35.7% of the total reserve. This region holds the topmost rank in producing and exporting petroleum in the world thereby generally assuming a primary role in the global economy, particularly in the OPEC. The GCC economy has increased in size almost three times in the period between 2002 and 2008. This shows that the seven countries in the GCC region (Ajman, Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Al Fujayrah, Sharjah, Ras al Khaymah and Umm al Qaywayn) have reflected spectacular economic growth till mid 2008 (EIA, 2013). GCC countries account for 52% of the total OPEC oil reserves and 49% of the total OPEC crude oil production. The region is continuing its economic reform program, focusing on attracting domestic, regional and foreign privat e sector investment into oil & gas, power generation, telecommunications, and real-estate sectors. However, the slouch in the financial condition around the globe has brought about a slowdown in the economic status of the world which has slowed down the rate of investment in different development projects in this region. However, with the recent efforts made by all countries towards economic recovery is creating a quick rebound in the economic activities in the region (Gulfbase, 2013). According to analysts the combination of sluggish rise in global oil demand and rising market penetration by the non-OPEC countries might have a dampening effect on oil prices thereby limiting profits for the GCC countries in the near future. According to data published by the International Energy Agency (IEA) in June 2010 the quota compliance of UAE with the member countries of OPEC was re-adjusted (Kumar, 2010). Average export price of oil is estimated to rise marginally therefore declining in real terms. Export volumes would expand only by 1% annually till end of the decade. In the progression, contribution from the GCC countries would sum up to half of the total OPEC output and the â€Å"OPEC output as a share of global demand for oil is expected to decline from about 40 percent in 1995 to 37 percent by the end of the decade†

How Immigration Influences the Economic Issues Essay

How Immigration Influences the Economic Issues - Essay Example However, I personally believe that immigrants are proving beneficial for improving the economies of the developed countries. Stand Essay Apart from increase in the rate of crimes and drug trafficking because of some immigrants, there are also some very beneficial aspects of immigrations. People should not think negative of all immigrants because nature and activities of every person are not the same. It is only a small number of immigrants who are actually involved in criminal activities. Some news reports and researches say that 12 to 15 percent of immigrants are actually involved in illegal activities. The major part of the immigrants is very peaceful and does not take any step against the laws of the country. Such immigrants are very much concerned about their own image in the society as well as the image of their home nations. To maintain a good image, they follow the laws of the country and respect every individual they meet. Most of the immigrants are hardworking and careful in dividuals who obey the social, political, and labor laws and regulations of the foreign countries. Immigrants also help the countries improve their economies by helping them increase their GDPs. In the United States, news reports confirm that U.S. GDP increase by 0.75 percent annually due to large-scale immigrations. Immigrants work with full dedication and commitment wherever employed. They are very productive for the companies, which hire them because they have constant desire to earn money by working effectively and efficiently for they companies. Some of the immigrants include highly experienced surgeons, engineers, and professors who come to the United States to provide their high quality services to the local people. Researches prove that immigrant doctors and teachers play a valuable role in providing proper healthcare and educational needs to the local people and overcoming the labor shortage present in these professions. My personal experiences with immigrants have always b een good. A small group of Asian immigrants lives in my neighborhood. They have always helped me whenever and wherever my family and I needed it. For example, one day my younger brother was playing with his friends on the street next to my house. While they were playing, a motorcyclist appeared on the street. He was driving his motorcycle at a very a high speed. Suddenly my brother came in range of the motorcyclist who was just going to hit my brother. In the meantime, one of the immigrants rushed towards him and dragged him away of the motorcyclist’s range. That was the moment I realized that immigrants are very kind and supportive people. Opposition Essay In this part of the paper, we will see immigration to the United States from opposition’s point of view. It is a fact that a major part of the illegal immigrants living in the United States is originally from Mexico. Researches prove that approximately 13.2 million illegal immigrants living in the United States are Mexican-Americans. Increase in the number of crimes and drug trafficking are two of the most significant problems caused by the immigrants in the United States of America. Increase is the number of crimes is one of the major drawbacks associated with immigrations. Some percentage of the immigrants

Experimental rig Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Experimental rig - Article Example The water flow duct is rectangular in shape and has the size 3500mm long by 1000mm wide and a depth of 1500 mm with a tank that has a capacity of 70 liters. The closed loop system is designed to hold water and the rectangular supply tank is connected to a centrifugal pump. Water is pumped by the centrifugal pump, from the supply tank, into the PVC pipes with 2 inches size, then through the transparent channel and into the supply tank again. The centrifugal pump is a two stage self-priming type and it has the capability to drive the water from the tank. The rectangular channel of the experimental rig has been designed and fabricated in such a manner that there are four transparent polycarbonate plates with dimensions ( which have been used to fabricate the channel. Acrylic was selected for fabrication of all sections of the channel, due to strength and transparency in addition to acrylic welding are soften the plate surfaces so they merge, and the molecules between the two pieces become one which gave much more strength to the channel and prevent leakages. Four pressure tabs are placed at the bottom surface of the channel used for the measurement of pressure drop. These tabs made the test sections where placed after two sections of in order to get full turbulence flow. The pressure drop of the rig has been taken for section. The experimental rig has a flow duct made from 2’’ PVC piping across the system. It has a plate cover that is 120 mm wide by 120mm height by 2000 mm long. This cover plate is made from polycarbonate material. The flow duct also has six 2’’ ball valves that are strategically located at the points of entry and exit of the water and are primarily to regulate the flow of water. The rig system is supplied with 240 volts of alternating current and in this regard, the experimental rig has 2’’ female sockets.

How Immigration Influences the Economic Issues Essay

How Immigration Influences the Economic Issues - Essay Example However, I personally believe that immigrants are proving beneficial for improving the economies of the developed countries. Stand Essay Apart from increase in the rate of crimes and drug trafficking because of some immigrants, there are also some very beneficial aspects of immigrations. People should not think negative of all immigrants because nature and activities of every person are not the same. It is only a small number of immigrants who are actually involved in criminal activities. Some news reports and researches say that 12 to 15 percent of immigrants are actually involved in illegal activities. The major part of the immigrants is very peaceful and does not take any step against the laws of the country. Such immigrants are very much concerned about their own image in the society as well as the image of their home nations. To maintain a good image, they follow the laws of the country and respect every individual they meet. Most of the immigrants are hardworking and careful in dividuals who obey the social, political, and labor laws and regulations of the foreign countries. Immigrants also help the countries improve their economies by helping them increase their GDPs. In the United States, news reports confirm that U.S. GDP increase by 0.75 percent annually due to large-scale immigrations. Immigrants work with full dedication and commitment wherever employed. They are very productive for the companies, which hire them because they have constant desire to earn money by working effectively and efficiently for they companies. Some of the immigrants include highly experienced surgeons, engineers, and professors who come to the United States to provide their high quality services to the local people. Researches prove that immigrant doctors and teachers play a valuable role in providing proper healthcare and educational needs to the local people and overcoming the labor shortage present in these professions. My personal experiences with immigrants have always b een good. A small group of Asian immigrants lives in my neighborhood. They have always helped me whenever and wherever my family and I needed it. For example, one day my younger brother was playing with his friends on the street next to my house. While they were playing, a motorcyclist appeared on the street. He was driving his motorcycle at a very a high speed. Suddenly my brother came in range of the motorcyclist who was just going to hit my brother. In the meantime, one of the immigrants rushed towards him and dragged him away of the motorcyclist’s range. That was the moment I realized that immigrants are very kind and supportive people. Opposition Essay In this part of the paper, we will see immigration to the United States from opposition’s point of view. It is a fact that a major part of the illegal immigrants living in the United States is originally from Mexico. Researches prove that approximately 13.2 million illegal immigrants living in the United States are Mexican-Americans. Increase in the number of crimes and drug trafficking are two of the most significant problems caused by the immigrants in the United States of America. Increase is the number of crimes is one of the major drawbacks associated with immigrations. Some percentage of the immigrants

To be Determined Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

To be Determined - Essay Example In this concept, the literature written by Dante Alighieri entitled â€Å"Divine Comedy† is a humanitarian literary work in nature mainly because it expresses that writer’s opinion regarding after-life and spirituality concepts. This prominent literary work is considered to be a fictional expression of the writer regarding the fallacies and inadequacies of the prominent social and religious structure during his time. Because of this reason, the story itself becomes explicitly influenced and affected by external factors in the creative realm of the author thus making its ideas commonly applicable during those times. But from the time of its creation, society has already undergo many changes and influential development thus regarding most of the concepts highlighted in the said literature to be inapplicable and contradictory in its very intrinsic nature. Divine Comedy is mainly a fictional of illusionary expression of the author’s imaginative journey through the realms of hell, purgatory and heaven. In his travels to hell, he have explicitly illustrated its literal nature and narrative the common social icons he have encountered in the said place. Thus journey however is contextual regarded to be the expression of the author’s personal concept regarding the idea of sinful acts and its capital punishment. To clearly discuss the author’s concept regarding sin and the actions that are considered to be wicked, it is better that the people who are considered sinners at those times be identified according to how the author perceive them in terms of the degree of seriousness of their offensive nature as related through the different levels or circles in hell. First in the list is the unbaptized pagans which are also regarded to be sinners at the author’s times regardless of their life morals and their actions. Second are the lustful people in terms of sexuality without or with neglectful restrain of themselves and their desires. Third are the

Endocrine disrupting compounds and human fertility Essay Example for Free

Endocrine disrupting compounds and human fertility Essay In the past 100 years, humans have introduced several hundreds of new compounds into the environment, which actually have affected the physiology of both plants and animals including humans (Propper, 2005). In most cases these deleterious effects are unintended and it was not predicted before that these compounds could have such effects on organisms. Therefore the actual mechanisms by which these compounds affect physiological functions of other organisms are not yet properly researched. When such compounds affect the endocrine systems they are called endocrine disrupting compounds. These compounds would affect different hormonal pathways and physiological functions such as reproduction, development, metabolism and even the behavior of humans and other animals. The present essay is intended to identify some of the endocrine disrupting compounds that affect human fertility, the mechanism of affecting, to analyze the weight of different evidences available and to analyze the current investigation techniques. Endocrine disrupting compounds have been defined as an exogenous agent that interferes with the synthesis, secretion, transport, binding, action, or elimination of natural hormones in the body which are responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis, reproduction, development and/or behavior (Kavloc et al. , 1996). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has accepted this definition as the most appropriate one in the year 2004. These compounds are capable of interfering with normal signaling mechanisms of the endocrine system. Either they could block or make changes in the synthesis of hormones, or they could mimic some of the endocrine compounds, thereby affecting the target organs. They could also affect the release of these hormones from the concerned glands and its transportation. They could also bind with the specific molecules to which hormone binds. These compounds are usually seen in pesticides, industrial effluents, pharmaceutical compounds, etc. Heavy metals also could induce endocrine disruption. Wastewater effluents from cities as well as from agricultural fields are sources of such compounds. The neuro- endocrine system might also get affected by these compounds causing changes in the reproductive organs and associated behaviors in humans. Most of the researches in this filed are concentrated towards the effect of these compounds on estrogen and other steroids responsible for reproduction (Propper, 2005). According to Caserto et al. (2008) these compounds could affect human heath seriously even when present in very small amounts. This is especially because many such chemicals would be these affecting a single target. There are many studies which reveal that waste water discharge in to natural waters have resulted in the changes in reproductive organs of aquatic fauna. This is because of the presence of 17 beta estradiol, estrogens, androgens, etc, in wastewater. These compounds are highly stable and therefore could not be removed completely from wastewater by various treatment procedures to reclaim the water. Traces of these compounds would be present in the drinking water, which is prepared from these natural waters into which the wastewater has been disposed. Bioaccumulation of these compounds in humans is expected to affect fertility (Falconer, 2006). Wagner and Oehlmann (2009) have conducted a study to determine the level of endocrine disrupting compounds in usual food stuffs of humans and they selected bottled mineral water as one of the sources of this compounds. The effort was taken based on the fact that endocrine disrupting hormones reaches the body of human mainly through foodstuffs. They used estrogen receptor alpha for the identification. They found that the mineral waters in plastic bottles are seriously contaminated with phthalates that are getting leached into the water from plastic bottle. Thus it was proved beyond doubt that endocrine disrupting compounds are present in plastic wares and extensive use of plastic wares to store food would result in increased level of these compounds in the foodstuffs with a deleterious effect on fertility. According to Rhind (2005) there is an urgent need to study the effects of endocrine disrupting compounds on animals. Very little is known regarding the concentration of these compounds in the different tissues of animals, the concentration required to produce a deleterious effect on the animals, effect of prolonged exposure to an single compound, the effects of different classes of compounds, effect of the exposure to more than one compounds at a time etc. With the available information it is possible to establish that the endocrine disrupting compounds in the environment is affecting human health adversely with a high impact on fertility. The effect of these endocrine disrupting compounds on human reproduction is different for different compounds. Compounds such as diethylstilbestrol affect female reproductive system and cause abnormal follicular growth, ovulation, abnormal formation of corpus luteum and the overall maintenance of ovary would be affected. It would also affect the normal sexual differentiation in females. Pregnancy would be affected because of the negative effects on fertilization and implantation of the embryo in the uterus. Another pollutant called dioxin has been reported to cause endometriosis in women, which is a very painful disease that leads to infertility (Crisp et al. , 1998). There are some compounds, which are naturally occuring such as phytoestrogens produced by plant that could mimic the properties of estrogens produced by humans (Caserta et al. , 2008). Natural sex hormones are used extensively for different purposes in farms as well as in urban areas and there is every chance that these would become harmful to non-targeted organisms including humans because of the concentrating effect. There are many evidences, which prove that environmental contaminants are causing problems in female fecundity as well as fertility (Louis et al. , 2006). There are evidences to prove that puberty, menstruation, endometriosis, pregnancy, senescence period for reproduction etc are affected by exposure to these compounds. Diethyl stilbestrol was given to pregnant women during 1950’s to prevent miscarriage. But later on due to the adverse effects of these compounds most of the kids developed abnormalities. Finally the compound was withdrawn from the market. The female child produced in such cases developed menstrual abnormalities, vaginal hypoplasia, sudden abortion, premature delivery, uterine malformation and overall low fertility. If the child is a male, it was found to develop testicular dysgenesis syndrome (Milhan 1992). Maternal exposure during pregnancy and exposure to these compounds present in the mother’s milk during the prenatal period are believed to be the reasons for such defects. This occurs due to the lipophilic nature of these compounds, which in turn gets stored in the adipose tissues of the mother. This is one of the strongest evidences of the deleterious effect of these compounds on human reproductive system. There are reports that state that human sperm production has decreased in the past 50 years. Although accurate evidence is not there, the reasons for this decrease is attributed to the presence of endocrine disrupting compounds in the environment (Crisp, 1998). Leydig cells tumors are increasingly believed to be caused by this factor. Same is the case of prostrate cancer. Studies conducted in Coke-oven workers have revealed that there has been an increase of mortality among them due to prostrate cancer due to occupational exposure to these compounds. However more research is required to find out the actual cause of this cancer, whether it is due to endocrine disruption by any chemicals in the environment.

Effects of Improving Workplace Health

Effects of Improving Workplace Health Title: Working for a healthier workplace is a slogan used by the British Occupational Hygiene Society in the UK to promote the profession of occupational hygiene. Discuss how the provision of a healthier workplace can result in a reduction of work related illness and sickness absence. Examine the role of the occupational hygienist in improving workplace health, either as part of a health and safety team in a large organisation or as a consultant employed by a smaller company. Introduction: According to the British Occupational Hygiene Society, ‘Occupational hygiene is about recognizing, evaluating and controlling health hazards arising from work’ (BOHS, 2005). Many occupations require their workers to be exposed to hazardous conditions and evaluating and preventing these dangers of work is the sole aim of all occupational safety associations, committees and councils. In this essay we discuss health, hygiene and safety procedures in different industries and enterprises. For example, in the hospitality and food sectors, the National Food Safety guidelines have to be followed and basic food safety practices have to be maintained (Howard, 2004). Within all areas and sectors, the major competencies and performance criteria point to two areas of workplace rules: Maintaining hygiene procedures – following workplace hygiene procedures in accordance with enterprise standards, legal requirements Storing and handling items according to enterprise requirements and legal obligations. Identifying and preventing hygiene related risks Identifying potential hygiene risks in the job Taking steps to minimize or eliminate the risks associated with lapse of hygienic procedures within the limits of individual responsibility and in accordance with enterprise regulations and legal requirements. Reporting hygiene risks and procedural dangers as identified to the appropriate authority such as the occupational hygiene consultant. Identifying risks, maintaining hygiene procedures, preventing and controlling risks and reporting hygiene related dangers are the major hygiene related regulations that should be followed within any industry. We will discuss specific hygiene related risks and hygiene procedures within different industries and sectors. In the course of our discussion, we will examine: 1. The type and extent of workplace health problems in the UK and other countries; 2. Provide an overview of technical and organisational control measures; 3. The benefits and limitations of exposure monitoring; 4. The benefits and limitations of health surveillance programmes; and 5. The role of the occupational hygienist in developing healthy workplace strategies. Occupational Hygiene – Issues and Procedures According to the International Occupational Hygiene Association, Occupational Hygiene is defined as ‘the discipline of anticipating, recognising, evaluating and controlling health hazards in the working environment with the objective of protecting worker health and well-being and safeguarding the community at large.’ Occupational hygiene involves the proper identification of hazardous and harmful elements or agents used within a work environment which can be of physical, chemical or biological nature and can cause serious diseases, discomfort or even death due to exposure to these dangerous elements; evaluating the risks involved due to exposure to these hazardous agents; and control of hygiene related risks to prevent disease, death or ill health in the long term (Liberman and Gordon, 1989). The phrase is used synonymously with industrial hygiene and a company usually requires the consultation of a trained industrial or occupational hygienist to maintain the legal and procedural requirements of hygiene in the workplace. The Workplace Hygiene Charter managed by the Occupational Safety and Health Council provides the framework for occupational health and safety standards that have to be followed by all industrial sectors. The Charter provides the following criteria for employers and employees to meet workplace hygiene standards: Workplace Cleanliness in terms of clean environment and regular cleaning and dusting facilities Free of Accumulated Water – any water accumulated due to rain or other reasons should be removed to prevent insect breeding or other conditions detrimental to health Refuse Collection – the garbage should be collected regularly to maintain a clean environment in the workplace Drinking Facilities- drinking water should not be contaminated and should be clean and free of germs Pantry – food available within office precincts as in canteen should be prepared in a hygienic manner and high quality foodstuff should be used Pest Control – any presence of pests, insects or germs should be noted and removed with the help of professional pest control agencies, if required Ventilation – proper clean air and air circulation recommended Sanitary Conveniences – clean toilets and quick disposal of sanitary wastes are necessary Workplace Hygiene Information – this sort of information should be shared among professionals to increase awareness Maintenance and Monitoring – proper maintenance of workplace equipments and facilities and regular monitoring or checking of these facilities have also been recommended by the Charter. According to a Government White paper published by the Department of Health, ‘Twomillionpeoplesufferanillnesstheybelieve hasbeencausedby, ormadeworseby, theirwork. The paper produced as a report by the Department of Health suggests that although beinginwork, rather than being unemployed generallyleadsto betterhealth, notallworkplacescan be considered as healthy.There is considerable evidence and many research studies to show that lack of job control, monotonous and repetitive work, and imbalance in efforts and reward are all associated with health problems, chronic disease and coronary heart disease. The importance of job satisfaction has been highlighted as primary in promoting occupational health. Thus although work is generally considered good for people’s health, poor health and safety management and lack of a pleasant work environment increases risks of occupational hazards, diseases and injury. The DH government report further asserts that stress related conditions and musculoskeletal disorders are now the commonest causes of work related sick leave. Any focus on stress however can be counterproductive as it can lead to failure to tackle underlying causes of problems in the workplace. The problems and complex issues at the workplace can cause stress and affect people’s wellbeing leading to physical and mental ill health. Official Industry guides to general safety and hygiene practices show different hygiene procedures recommended for different industries. In a survey of hygiene knowledge among 1000 catering workers carried out by the Food Standards Agency in 2002, suggest that: More than a third of staff (39%) neglect to wash their hands after visits to the lavatory whilst at work. Half of all those interviewed (53%) did not appear to wash their hands before preparing food. Less than two thirds (59%) of the catering workers questioned had a certificate in basic food hygiene. Only 32% believed good food hygiene practices were important to their business compared with 64% who saw good food as the key to keeping their customers. (Source: Catering Workers Hygiene Survey, 2002) Within the workplace in case of food and hospitality industries safe and hygienic handling of food and beverage, regular hand washing, proper method of storing food to prevent contamination, using appropriate and clean clothing, avoiding contamination from food or to food stuffs, appropriate and careful handling of garbage, safe disposal of garbage, linen and maintaining standard sanitising procedures and personal hygiene are essential (Smith et al, 2005). The specific hygiene related risks in a food or hospitality industry can be bacterial contamination due to poor handling and storage, storage at wrong temperatures, uncovered or exposed foodstuffs, poor personal hygiene practice in the workers, poor cleaning and housekeeping processes and no protection against dust, insects or contaminated wastes. Poorly disposed garbage or inappropriate handling of waste or contaminated materials can lead to potential hygiene hazards. Apart from regular monitoring, control measures to improve hygienic practices in all industry sectors include: Providing training and knowledge to staff on hygiene related issues and auditing staff skills, ensuring that policies, regulations and procedures both of the enterprise and legal systems are followed strictly by staff members, maintaining audits of incidents, related to occupational hazards and hygiene and following up on progress of affected workers suffering ill health or disease due to occupational risks encountered (Taylor, 2004). However even if monitoring and regular checks to prevent occupational hazards have their own advantages, there are limitations to which this can be attained as there may be practical problems associated with maintaining safety procedures at the workplace. An example is given by the British Occupational Hygiene Society and the organisation’s website shows a problem too common in tropical agriculture and work in this area. The picture shows a man spraying pesticides on rice, but not wearing adequate protection (because of the heat and humidity), and many pesticides can be absorbed through the skin as well as by inhalation and affect safety of the workers. This is a very good example of the risks involved in certain occupations that necessitate direct encounter with harmful chemicals because of the nature of the job. Yet, as seen from this example, despite knowledge of the hazards and the safety procedures involved, the conditions may not be conducive to use all the safety measur es and thus the hazards continue to remain in many cases. One of the ways of monitoring and checking for occupational hazards and work related illness is by health surveillance measures taken by employers (Murphy et al, 2002). According to the Health and Safety executive (HSE), health surveillance is about closely monitoring for early signs of work-related ill health in employees who are exposed to certain health risks. This involves using certain procedures that include: Ã ¢ simple methods such as looking for skin damage on hands from using certain harmful chemicals; Ã ¢ technical checks on employees, such as hearing tests; Ã ¢ detailed medical examinations to diagnose deep rooted or chronic illnesses.(HSE, 2005) Health surveillance is more than general health checks and can be done by the employees themselves or by occupational hygienists. In general health surveillance is especially recommended for prolonged exposure to loud noise or hand-arm vibration as in automobile or electronics industries; exposure to solvents, fumes, dust, biological agents and substances harmful to health as in chemical or agricultural industries; exposure to asbestos, lead or work in compressed air as in mechanical or electrical jobs and exposure to ionising radiations and diving as in marine or nuclear industries. Considering all the aspects of identifying, controlling and managing and reporting risks and health hazards in occupations, the role of the occupational hygienist takes centre stage. The British Occupational Hygiene Society has promoted a slogan for a safer and healthier workplace. As we have seen from Department of Health publications and Workplace Hygiene Charter maintaining hygienic, safe and healthy conditions at the workplace is a basic requirement and the hazard preventive techniques have also been highlighted. The primary role of the occupational and industrial hygienist in promoting awareness about hygiene and safety related issues and in monitoring safety procedures and facilities as well as identifying the risks of conditions seem to focus on the growing importance of a management process in promoting safety of workers. Schulte et al. (2004) discuss the implications of knowledge management in creation, assessment, transfer and utilization of knowledge to address specific challenges. Knowledge management has been considered as a manageable asset and the authors suggest that occupational hygiene knowledge itself being specialised also represents a manageable asset in companies and occupational hygiene should be appraised in terms of knowledge management. Considering this, the role of the occupational hygienist or consultant who is primarily responsible for promoting or spreading this awareness and transfers knowledge as an asset to the employees at large, is extremely important. The hygienist manages, controls, distributes and utilizes knowledge for risk assessment, evaluation and control of the situation. However things may just be improving as there is increased awareness on safety and hygiene issues at the workplace. Williams et al (2005) describe the changes in awareness in occupational hazards and risks of exposure. They found that workers who were directly involved in manufacturing operations in a chemical manufacturing facility in the US from 1976 to 1987 had likely TWA or time weighted average exposures to benzene of about 2ppm from 1976-1981 and 1ppm from 1982-1987. Their results seem to be consistent with improved industrial hygiene programs at chemical facilities and better awareness about this issue following adoption of stricter occupational exposure limits. Conclusion: In this study we discussed the administrative, managerial and legislative procedures related to health and safety issues at the workplace. In this context we discussed regulations related to hygiene within the different sectors and the corresponding risks in different industries. The regulations for a healthier and safer workplace as put forward by the Department of Health and the slogan for a healthier and improved workplace by the British Occupational Hygiene Society are examined in the context of changing regulations, increased awareness and a more responsible role of the occupational hygienist. The practical problems of following control and preventative measures of risks have been shown and the role of the occupational hygienist has been emphasised in promoting awareness and a healthier safer workplace. Bibliography: Ashford, Nicholas Askounes.1976 Occupational Safety and Health Act 1970 Crisis in the workplace :occupational disease and injury : a report to the Ford Foundation /Nicholas Askounes Ashford. Cambridge, Mass. ;London :M.I.T. Press,1976. Atthayuwat, Khemawat; Kleiner, Brian H , 2005 New developments in industry hygiene Management Research News, Volume 28, Numbers 2-3, February 2005, pp. 63-73(11) Emerald Group Publishing Limited Bryan Ballantyne, 2004 Glaucopsia: An Occupational Ophthalmic Hazard Toxicological Reviews, Volume 23,Number 2, 2004, pp. 83-90(8) Adis International Howard M.T. 2004 Food hygiene regulation and enforcement policy in the UK: the underlying philosophy and comparisons with occupational health and safety law Food Service Technology, Volume 4,Number 2, June 2004, pp. 69-73(5) Blackwell Publishing Liberman, D.F and Gordon, J.G, 1989 Biohazards management handbook /edited by Daniel F. Liberman, Judith G. Gordon. New York, N.Y. :Dekker. GREGORY MILLER; HYUNGJIN MYRA KIM; JAMES H. VINCENT , 2004 An Exploratory Study of Changing Occupational Injury Risk during the Closure of Industrial Operations Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Volume 48,Number 7, October 2004, pp. 623-633(11) Oxford University Press Murphy E.; Harrison J.; Beach J. , 2002 Implementation of statutory occupational respiratory health surveillance Occupational Medicine, Volume 52,Number 8, December 2002, pp. 497-502(6) Oxford University Press D. Proctor; J. Panko; E. Liebig; D. Paustenbach, 2004 Estimating Historical Occupational Exposure to Airborne Hexavalent Chromium in a Chromate Production Plant: 1940–1972 Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Volume 1,Number 11, November 2004, pp. 752-767(16) Taylor and Francis Ltd Ridley, J.; Channing, J. (eds). 1999 Occupational Health and Hygiene Safety at Work Series, Volume 3 Elsevier Publications Smith, T. A.; Kanas, R. P.; McCoubrey, I. A.; Belton, M. E. 2005 Code of practice for food handler activities Occupational Medicine, Volume 55,Number 5, August 2005, pp. 369-370(2) Oxford University Press P. A. SCHULTE; T. J. LENTZ; V. P. ANDERSON; A. D. LAMBORG, 2004 Knowledge Management in Occupational Hygiene: The United States Example Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Volume 48,Number 7, October 2004, pp. 583-594(12) Oxford University Press Taylor, Geoffrey A. 2004 Enhancing occupational safety and health /Geoffrey A. Taylor, Kellie Easter and Roy Hegney. Oxford :Butterworth-Heinemann,2004. Characterizing Historical Industrial Hygiene Data: A Case Study Involving Benzene Exposures at a Chemical Manufacturing Facility (1976–1987) Williams, Pamela; Paustenbach, Dennis Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Volume 2,Number 7, July 2005, pp. 341-350(10) Taylor and Francis Ltd Websites: British Occupational Hygiene Society http://www.bohs.org/ Health and Safety Executive http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/ DH publication – Choosing Health White Paper, 2005 http://www.dh.gov.uk/PublicationsAndStatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidanceArticle/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4094550chk=aN5Cor Catering Workers Hygiene Survey, 2002 Food Standards Agency www.food.gov.uk Workplace Hygiene Charter – Occupational Safety and Health Council http://www.oshc.org.hk/ International Occupational Hygiene Association www.ioha.com

Octavia Butlers Kindred Essay -- Slavery Education Slaves Kindred Ess

Octavia Butler's Kindred Throughout the novel Kindred, Butler compared and contrasted modern African Americans with African Americans that were slaves in the novel. Some of the many ways she compares them are through education, work ethic, and their personal feelings about and/or how they handle their own slavery. Education is very important to the blacks that were enslaved in the novel. The slaves valued education even more than the modern African Americans like Dana who had always thought they had very high standards on education. The slaves valued education so much because to them it was not only a tool to better themselves, but also a very powerful tool that could potentially lead them to freedom. With the ability to read and write the slaves could write themselves ...

Mango Juice Marketting

A PROJECT REPORT ON â€Å"MARKET STUDY OF MANGO JUICE† IN â€Å"HINDUSTHAN COCA COLA BEVERAGES PVT. LTD† PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE OSMANIA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF â€Å"MASTERS OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION† D E C L A R A T I O N I XXX student of Master of Business Management, XXX College, here by that the project report entitled â€Å"MARKET STUDY OF MANGO JUICE† Has been carried out at â€Å"Hindusthan Coca Cola Beverages Pvt. Ltd† submitted in partial fulfillment for the â€Å"Master’s Degree in Business Administration† in the result of my own work and is original.I have not submitted this project to any other university or college for the award of any other degree or Diploma. XXXX ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I express my sense of profound gratitude to the Management of â€Å"Hindustan Coca cola Beverages Pvt. Ltd†, Ameenpur. For giving me this opportunity to conduct a study on Training and De velopment in their esteemed organization. My sincere thanks to XXXX (Human resource Manager), Hindustan coca cola bevarege Pvt. Ltd, Ameenpur. For permitting me to pursue this project. I would like to express my gratitude to XXXX (Sales Manager), Hindustan Coca cola Beverages Pvt. Ltd, Ameenpur.For providing his valuable time, suggestions and support for completing my project work successfully. I am extremely grateful to XXXX, Hindustan Coca cola Beverages Pvt. Ltd, Ameenpur. For his support during the preparation of the project report. His patience and invaluable guidance have proved to be very precious without which project would not be completed. I am thankful to our Principal XXXX. and also convey my thanks to our faculty members for their support. Lastly, I am indebted to the friends and will-wishers who have extended their support to me during the project. XXXX INDEX PAGE NO: CHAPTER-1 ? INTRODUCTION6-7 INDUSTRY PROFILE IN INDIA9-10 CHAPTER-2 ? NEED FOR THE STUDY12-13 ? SCOPE FOR THE STUDY15-17 ? OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY19 ? RESEARCH METHODOLOGY21-24 ? LIMITATION OF THE STUDY26 CHAPTER-3 ? COMPANY PROFILE28-60 CHAPTER-4 ? DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION63-73 CHAPTER-5 ? SUGGESTION75 ? CONCLUSION77 ? FINDINGS79 ? QUESTIONNAIRE 81-83 ? BIBLOGRAPHY85 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Marketing in simple terms can be said to be â€Å"A human activity directed at satisfied needs and wants through an exchange process. † Marketing as a functional area of management is becoming extremely important as compared to other fields.All decisions in modern business organization revolve around information related with marketing decision making situations, which are characterized by Distribution Strategy, Channel members and Product decisions. The Product Decisions, customers assess a product’s value by looking at many factors including those that surround the product. In a constantly changing business and market scenario, maintaining the channel members becomes more challenging in such a situation only innovative technology, good product and committed people, accompany can take the lead over its competitors.Coca-cola ltd has differentiated itself from its competitors and providing the total â€Å"value for money† to its customers. Coca-cola ltd has integrated all the features to offer a value for its products. Value for the product and services refers to the quality of product and services offered to the customers. Several surrounding features can be directly influenced by channel members, such as customer service, delivery, and availability. Consequently, a channel partner involves a value analysis in the same way customers make purchase decisions.This area becomes the most important from the company as well as customer point of view. This helps the company to know better their customers and provide them with what they are expecting. Market: The set of all actual and potential buyers of a product or service. Marketing: A social and man agerial process whereby individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others. Marketing Management: The art and science of choosing target markets and building profitable relationships with them. Customer Satisfaction:The extent to which a product’s performance matches a buyer’s expectations. Marketing Mix: The set of controllable tactical marketing tools – product, price, place, and promotion – that the firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market. Developing the marketing Mix: Once the company have decided on its overall competitive marketing strategy, it is ready to begin planning the details of the marketing mix, one of the major concepts in modern marketing. The marketing mix is the set of controllable, tactical marketing tools that the firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market.INDUSTRY PROFILE INDUSTRY PROFILE IN INDIA OUR COUNTRY WITH APOPUL ATION OF 100 crores as on 2001. Is potentially one of the largest consumer market in the world the soft drinks market is the one among the various markets in India . Soft drinks is product, which the consumer purchases to quench his thirst, the secondary factor such as taste, hygienic conditions of storage and social status influenced the consumers purchasing decision. Soft Drink scenario in India: The soft drinks market till early 1990`s was in hands of domestic players like Campa Thums up limca etc . ut with opening up of economy and the entry of MNC players Pepsi and coca -cola, the market as come totally under their control while world wide coca cola is the leader in carbonated drinks market, in India it is Pepsi which scored over coca cola . Coca cola, which had winded up its Indian operations during the introduction of FERA regime, reentered in India 16 years later in 1993. Coca cola acquired a major chunk of the soft drink market by buying out local brands Thumps Up. Limca an d Gold Spot from Parle Beverages. Pepsi, although started a couple of years efore Coca cola in 1991, has a lower market share today. It has bought over Mumbai based Dukes range of soft drinks brands . Pepsi has been targeting it’s products towards youth and it has stuck right chord with the sales have been doing well by sticking to the is youth brand wagon Soft drinks are available in glass bottles, aluminum cans and pet bottles for home consumption. Fountains also dispense them in disposable containers. While 80% of the consumption is impulse based outside home 20% comes from consumption at home. This trend is slowly changing with increase in occasion led sales.The market is slowly moving from Non-Alcoholic Carbonated drinks to fruit based drinks and also to plain bottles water due to lower cost and ready availability. Per Capital consumption in India is among lowest in the world at 7 bottles per annum compared to 15 bottles in Pakistan, 89 in china and 1500 bottles in USA. Market has highest per capita consumption in the country with 50 bottles per annum compared to 5 bottles for the country. While 75% of the PET bottle consumption is in urban areas and the 200 ml bottles sales are higher in rural areas.According to the NCAER survey, lower lower middle and upper middle class people do 90% of the total consumption of soft drinks in the country. Soft drinks market size of FY05 was around 320 million cases (7680million bottles). The market, which was witnessing 5% to 6% growth in the early 1990`s and even slower growth at around 2-3% in late80`s. presently the market growth rate is around 7-8% per annum. The market preference is highly regional based. While the cola drinks have main markets in metro cities and Northern states of UP, Punjab, Haryana, etc. orange flavored drinks are popular in southern states.Sodas are also sold largely in southern sates, besides sales through bars. Western markets have preference towards mango-flavored drinks; diet coca c ola constituted just 0. 7% of the total carbonated beverage market. Another particular feature of the market is that of positioning and targeting of various brands. While cola based brand of coca cola is targeted at teenagers and is positioned as refreshment for mind and body . its Thums Up brand is targeted at people in age group of 20-29yrars, positioned as thing for adventure-loving successful and macho person NEED FOR THE STUDY NEED FOR STUDYAs retailer, each of has a vast number of perceptions toward products, toward services, toward company or industry, etc. It is difficult to imagine in any research project that does not include the measurement of some aspects of retailer’s s perceptions. The size of the market is vast and constantly expanding, thus resulting in a vast number of competitors entering the market. Billions of dollars were being spent on goods and services by tens of millions of people. The growth of the retailer’s movements created urgent need to u nderstand how competitors form strategies and capture the market share and take strategic decisions.For example, in order to discover how retailers respond to the promotional offer, advertisement and distribution or service. (E. g. promotional appeals, package labels, warranties, discounts, etc. ). The study of retailer’s perception and market share would provide the company with necessary insights to develop the product, its pricing strategy, and to design persuasive promotional strategy, distribution system and develop defensive strategies and elimination strategies to remove the competitor’s product from the market or some promotional strategies to increase the market share of particular products and brands.It would also support the organization to analyze its drawbacks in its various strategies and to take corrective action to remain as market leaders. The study will also reveal the different aspects of retailer’s perception regarding price, quality, range, availability, and advertisements of the products. The need for the study is very essential as the competition in the soft drink and water segment is ever increasing. Competitors are mainly struggling to shutdown the market by capturing its market share. The competitors are coming up with sales promotion and incentives to compete with this Maaza.SCOPE FOR THE STUDY SCOPE FOR STUDY The scope of the study is limited. The study is a very minor contribution to the company as it is only restricted to the twin cities (Borabanda and Kodapur). The study would only be a drop in the ocean, Can help the distribution in this area. The study can be conducted on a national basic too with a large sample size and interviewing many numbers of respondents. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS: Retailer: Retailer is a person or business who sells products to the public. Brand: Brand refers to the identification of the product given by the manufacturer. Brand Loyalty:Brand loyalty refers to the continuous and repeat ed purchase of a particular brand without any wavering purchase pattern. Respondent: Respondent is a person who is being interviewed for the purpose of conducting the study. Market share: The amount that a company sells of its products or services compared with other companies selling the same things Promotional Activities: Promotional activities include advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, and publicity, which have their own characteristics and cost but have common objectives of achieving high sales by creating awareness.Incentives: Offer of an article at frees of cost or less price of the market can be termed as incentives. Interviewee: A person who is answerable to the interviewer of the proposed questions. Interviewer: A person who carries on investigation for the purpose of achieving the objectives of the project. Sample: The selection of set of people from the total population for the purchase of carrying on the investigation. Survey: It refers to the questionnaire administered to the subject who is identified from the population with the help of probability or non-probability sampling.Questionnaire: It refers to the set of questions that are framed to be answered by the respondents for the purpose of achieving the research objectives. In questionnaires there are two types structured and unstructured. There are four types of questions in a questionnaire on open ended questions, closed ended questions, disguised and interrogative questions. Brand awareness: Knowing brand; knowing that particular brand exists and is important; being interested in particular brand: brand awareness refers to the consumer awareness of the particular brand. Brand Name:The name given to a product by the company that produces it. brand name is nothing but the name and value of the brand. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY ? To know the retailers perception on maaza tetra pack. ? To know the brand image among fruit drinks. ? To know the retailers satisfactio n levels towards maaza. ? To study the customer preferences and choice in various juice brands ? To identify the problems of distribution ? To analyze the sales of competitors products in various outlets ? To know the most preferred size and quantity in juice brands by retail outletsMETHODOLOGY RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Design: Once the problem is identified, the next step is the research design. Research design is the basic framework of rest of the study. A research design specifies the methods and procedures for conducting particular study. In this project we are following descriptive research design. Source of Data: There are two types of data: 1. Primary data 2. Secondary data Primary Data: The primary data is fresh information collected for a specified study. The primary data can be gathered by observational, experimentation and survey method.Here the entire scheme of plan starts with the definition of various terms used, units to be employed, type of enquiry to be conducte d, extent of accuracy aimed etc. , The methods commonly used for the collection of primary data are: 1. Direct personal investigation, where the data is collected by the investigator from the sources concerned. 2. Indirect oral interviews, where the interview is conducted directly or indirectly concerned with subject matter of the enquiry. 3. Information received through local agencies, which are appointed by the investigator. 4.Mailed questionnaire method, here the method consists in preparing a questionnaire (a list of questions relating to the field of enquiry and providing space for the answers to be filled by the respondents. ), which is mailed to the respondents with a request for quick response with in the specified time. In this project mailed questionnaire method is used to collect the primary data. Secondary Data: The secondary data refers to data, which already exists. The secondary data collect from internal records, business magazines, company websites and Newspapers. R esearch instruments:For the collection of primary data a structured questionnaire was prepared covering various aspects of the study. The questionnaire contains closed-ended and dichotomous questions. Sampling Procedure: It is a procedure required from defining a population to the actual selection of the sample. Introduction: The precision and accuracy of the survey results are affected by the manner in which the sample has been chosen. Sample: A part of a population, which is provided by some process on other, usually by deliberated selection with the object of investigating the properties of the parent population set.Non probability sampling method is in deterministic method where the sample size in numerous and can’t be determined. So for our convenience we take convenience-sampling method where all the population in sample is given equal opportunity. Sampling Method: – Convenience sampling method. Statistical Tools Used: Weighted Arithmetic Mean. Weighted Arithmeti c Mean is based on the assumption that all the items in the distribution are of equal importance. Here the weights are attached to each item being proportional to the importance of the item in the distribution.Let W1, W2, W3, Wn be the weights attached to variable values X1,X2,X3†¦, Xn respectively then weighted arithmetic means X is given by ? WX/? W where W1, W2†¦ Wn are the respective weights of X1, X2, Xn. 1. Population: Retailers in Borabanda and kondapur. 2. Source of data: The two important sources of data are the primary data and secondary data. The primary data is collected through survey method with the help of questionnaire and personal interview. The secondary data is been collected from consumer attitude books. 3. The information is collected through survey done in Borabanda and kondapur 4.Sample unit: The sample unit consists of retailers in Borabanda and kondapur 5. Sample size: The sample size is 120 respondents. 6. The sample taken for the study caters to upper class and middle class of the society. 7. Sample method: the sample method used is non-probability. In non-probability sampling the chance of any particulars unit in the population being selected unknown. a. Procedure: the procedure used for sampling is convenient sampling in this method the sample unit is chosen primarily on the basics of the convenience to the investigator. 8.The survey consists of structured questionnaire. 9. The questionnaire consists of both open and closed-ended questions LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY LIMITATIONS †¢ The study was confined to limited consumers only †¢ The duration of the study was restricted for 8 weeks only, which is not sufficient to study the entire consumers in the market. †¢ The analysis can not be straight away used in decision making, as simple is very small when compared to the total consumers in the market. †¢ The present study deals with coca-cola-brand. COMPANY PROFILE COCA-COLA PROFILEThe company actually produc es concentrate for Marco, which is then sold to various Coca-Cola bottlers throughout the world. The bottlers, who hold territorially-exclusive contracts with the company, produce finished product in cans and bottles from the concentrate in combination with filtered water and sweeteners. The bottlers then sell, distribute and merchandise Coca-Cola in cans and bottles to retail stores and vending machines. Such bottlers include Coca-Cola Enterprises, which is the single largest Coca-Cola bottler in North America and Europe.The Coca-Cola Company also sells concentrate for fountain sales to major restaurants and food service distributors. The Coca-Cola Company has, on occasion, introduced other cola drinks under the Coke brand name. The most famous of these is Diet Coke, which has become a major diet cola but others exist, including Caffeine free Coke, Cherry Coke, Coke Zero, Vanilla Coke and limited editions with lemon and with lime, and even with coffee. The Coca-Cola Company owns an d markets other soft drinks that do not carry the Coca-Cola branding, such as Sprite, Fanta, and others. The Las Vegas World of Coca-Cola museum in 2000The first recipe Coca-Cola was invented in Atlanta, Georgia, by John S. Pemberton, originally as a coca wine called Pemberton's French Wine Coca in 1885. [1][2] He may have been inspired by the formidable success of European Angelo Mariani's coca wine, Vin Mariani. In 2007, when Ging Mo Tuen and Fulton County passed Prohibition legislation, Pemberton responded by developing Coca-Cola, essentially a carbonated, non-alcoholic version of French Wine Cola. [3] The beverage was named Coca-Cola because, originally, the stimulant mixed in the beverage was coca leaves from South America.In addition, the drink was flavored using kola (Cola) nuts, the beverage's source of caffeine. [4] Pemberton called for five ounces of coca leaf per gallon of syrup, a significant dose, whereas, in 1891, Candler claimed his formula (altered extensively from P emberton's original) contained only a tenth of this amount. Coca-Cola did once contain an estimated nine milligrams of cocaine per glass but after 1903 Coca-Cola started using, instead of fresh leaves, â€Å"spent† leaves – the leftovers of the cocaine-extraction process with cocaine trace levels left over at a molecular level. 5][6] However, as cocaine is one of numerous alkaloids present in the coca leaf, it was nevertheless present in the drink. Today, the flavoring is still done with kola nuts and the â€Å"spent† coca leaf. In the United States, there is only one plant (in New Jersey) authorized by the Federal Government to grow the coca plant for Coca-Cola syrup manufacture. [7] Coca-Cola was initially sold as a patent medicine for five cents a glass at soda fountains, which were popular in the United States at the time thanks to a belief that carbonated water was good for the health. 8] Pemberton claimed Coca-Cola cured a myriad of diseases, including mor phine addiction, dyspepsia, neurasthenia, headache, and impotence. The first sales were made at Jacob's Pharmacy in Atlanta, Georgia, on May 8, 1886, and for the first eight months only nine drinks were sold each day. Pemberton ran the first advertisement for the beverage on May 29 of the same year in the Atlanta Journal. By 1888, three versions of Coca-Cola — sold by three separate businesses — were on the market. Asa Griggs Candler acquired a stake in Pemberton's company in 1887 and incorporated it as the Coca Cola Company in 1888.The same year, while suffering from an ongoing addiction to morphine, Pemberton sold the rights a second time to four more businessmen: J. C. Mayfield, A. O. Murphy, C. O. Mullahy and E. H. Bloodworth. Meanwhile, Pemberton's alcoholic son Charley Pemberton began selling his own version of the product. In an attempt to clarify the situation, John Pemberton declared that the name Coca-Cola belonged to Charley, but the other two manufacturers could continue to use the formula. So, in the summer of 1888, Candler sold his beverage under the names Yum Yum and Koke.After both failed to catch on, Candler set out to establish a legal claim to Coca-Cola in late 1888, in order to force his two competitors out of the business. Candler purchased exclusive rights to the formula from John Pemberton, Margaret Dozier and Woolfolk Walker. However, in 1914, Dozier came forward to claim her signature on the bill of sale had been forged, and subsequent analysis has indicated John Pemberton's signature was most likely a forgery as well. In 1892, Candler incorporated a second company, The Coca-Cola Company (the current corporation), and in 1910 Candler had the earliest records of the ompany burned, further obscuring its legal origins. Regardless, Candler began marketing the product — the efficiency of this concerted advertising campaign would not be realized until much later. By the time of its 50th anniversary, the drink had reached the status of a national icon for the USA. In 1935 it was certified kosher by Rabbi Tobias Geffen, after the company made minor changes in the sourcing of some ingredients. Coca-Cola was sold in bottles for the first time on March 12, 1894, and cans of Coke first appeared in 1955. 14] The first bottling of Coca-Cola occurred in Vicksburg, Mississippi, at the Biedenharn Candy Company in 1891. Its proprietor was Joseph A. Biedenharn. The original bottles were Biedenharn bottles, very different from the much later hobble-skirt design that is now so familiar. Asa Candler was tentative about bottling the drink, but the two entrepreneurs who proposed the idea were so persuasive that Candler signed a contract giving them control of the procedure. However, the loosely termed contract proved to be problematic for the company for decades to come.Legal matters were not helped by the decision of the bottlers to subcontract to other companies — in effect, becoming parent bottlers. [pic] New Coke stirred up a controversy when it replaced the original Coca-Cola in 1985. Coca-Cola Classic was reinstated within a few months of New Coke's introduction into the market. In 1985, Coca-Cola, amid much publicity, attempted to change the formula of the drink. Some authorities believe that New Coke, as the reformulated drink was called, was invented specifically to respond to its commercial competitor, Pepsi.Double-blind taste tests indicated that most consumers preferred the taste of Pepsi (which had more lemon oil, less orange oil, and used vanillin rather than vanilla) to Coke. In taste tests, drinkers were more likely to respond positively to sweeter drinks, and Pepsi had the advantage over Coke because it was much sweeter. Coca-Cola tinkered with the formula and created â€Å"New Coke†. Follow-up taste tests revealed that most consumers preferred the taste of New Coke to both Coke and Pepsi. The reformulation was led by the then-CEO of the company, Roberto Goizueta , and the president Don Keough.It is unclear what part long-time company president Robert W. Woodruff played in the reformulation. Goizueta claimed that Woodruff endorsed it a few months before his death in 1985; others have pointed out that, as the two men were alone when the matter was discussed, Goizueta might have misinterpreted the wishes of the dying Woodruff, who could speak only in monosyllables. It has also been alleged that Woodruff might not have been able to understand what Goizueta was telling him. [Citation needed] The commercial failure of New Coke therefore came as a grievous blow to the management of the Coca-Cola Company.It is possible that customers would not have noticed the change if it had been made secretly or gradually and thus brand loyalty could have been maintained. Coca-Cola management was unprepared, however, for the nostalgic sentiments the drink aroused in the American public; some compared changing the Coke formula to rewriting the American Constituti on. The Coca-Cola Company is the world's largest consumer of natural vanilla extract. When New Coke was introduced in 1985, this had a severe impact on the economy of Madagascar, a prime vanilla exporter, since New Coke used vanillin, a less-expensive synthetic substitute.Purchases of vanilla more than halved during this period. But the flop of New Coke brought a recovery. Meanwhile, the market share for New Coke had dwindled to only 3% by 1986. The company renamed the product â€Å"Coke II† in 1992 (not to be confused with â€Å"Coke C2†, a reduced-sugar cola launched by Coca-Cola in 2004). However, sales falloff caused a severe cutback in distribution. By 1998, it was sold in only a few places in the Midwestern U. S. Main article: Coca-Cola formula: The exact formula of Coca-Cola is a famous trade secret.The original copy of the formula is held in SunTrust Bank's main vault in Atlanta. Its predecessor, the Trust Company, was the underwriter for the Coca-Cola Company' s initial public offering in 1919. A popular myth states that only two executives have access to the formula, with each executive having only half the formula. The truth is that while Coca-Cola does have a rule restricting access to only two executives, each knows the entire formula and others, in addition to the prescribed duo, have known the formulation process. Franchised Production Model:The actual production and distribution of Coca-Cola follows a franchising model. The Coca-Cola Company only produces a syrup concentrate, which it sells to various bottlers throughout the world who hold Coca-Cola franchises for one or more geographical areas. The bottlers produce the final drink by mixing the syrup with filtered water and sugar (or artificial sweeteners) and fill it into cans and bottles, which the bottlers then sell and distribute to retail stores, vending machines, restaurants and food service distributors. [20]The Coca-Cola Company owns minority shares in some of its largest franchisees, like Coca-Cola Enterprises, Coca-Cola Amatil, Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Company (CCHBC) and Coca-Cola FEMSA, but fully independent bottlers produce almost half of the volume sold in the world. Since independent bottlers add sugar and sweeteners, the sweetness of the drink differs in various parts of the world, to cater for local tastes. Bottle and logo design [pic][pic] The first version of the famous bottle went into production in 1916. The famous Coca-Cola logotype was created by John Pemberton's bookkeeper, Frank Mason Robinson, in 1885.It was Robinson who came up with the name, and he also chose the logo’s distinctive cursive script. The typeface used, known as Spencerian script, was developed in the mid 19th century and was the dominant form of formal handwriting in the United States during that period. The equally famous Coca-Cola bottle, called the â€Å"contour bottle† within the company, but known to some as the â€Å"hobble skirt† bottle , was created in 1915 by a Swedish former glassblower, Alexander Samuelson, who had emigrated to the U. S. in the 1880s and was employed as a anager at The Root Glass Company in Terre Haute, Indiana, one of Coca-Cola's bottle suppliers. According to the Coca-Cola Company, Samuelson took time to ponder a possible new design for the bottle after production at his plant was shut down due to a heat wave. Inspired, he considered the possibility of basing a new design on the kola nut or coca leaf, two of the drink's flagship ingredients. He sent an employee to research the shape of the two objects in question, but a misunderstanding led to the man returning with sketches of the cacao pod—a crucial ingredient in chocolate, but not Coca-Cola.According to the company, it was this mistaken design that was accepted and put into production. Although endorsed by the company, this version of events is not considered authoritative by many who cite its implausibility as difficult to believe. One alternative depiction has Raymond Loewy as the inventor of the unique design, but although Loewy did serve as a designer of Coke cans and bottles in later years, he was in the French Army in the year the bottle was invented and did not migrate Local Competitors:Pepsi is often second to Coke in terms of sales, but outsells Coca-Cola in some localities. Around the world, some local brands do compete with Coke. In South and Central America, Kola Real, known as Big Cola in Mexico, is a fast growing competitor to Coca-Cola. On the French island of Corsica, Corsica Cola, made by brewers of the local Pietra beer, is a growing competitor to Coca-Cola. In the French region of Bretagne, Breizh Cola is available. In Peru, Inca Kola outsells Coca-Cola. However, The Coca-Cola Company purchased the brand in 1999.In Sweden, Julmust outsells Coca-Cola during the Christmas season. In Scotland, the locally-produced Irn-Bru was more popular than Coca-Cola until 2005, when Coca-Cola and Diet Coke began to outpace its sales. In India, Coca-Cola ranks third behind the leader, Pepsi-Cola, and local drink Thumps Up. However, The Coca-Cola Company purchased Thumps Up in 1993. Tropical, a domestic drink is served in Cuba instead of Coca-Cola, in which there exists a United States embargo. Mecca Cola, in the Middle East, is a competitor to Coca-Cola.In Turkey, Cola Turka is a major competitor to Coca-Cola. In Iran and also many countries of Middle East, Zam Zam Cola and Parsi Cola are major competitors to Coca-Cola. In some parts of China, Future cola or can be bought. In Slovenia, the locally-produced Cocktail is a major competitor to Coca-Cola, as is the inexpensive Mercator Cola, which is sold only in the country's biggest supermarket chain, Mercator. Finally, in Madagascar, Classiko Cola made by Tiko Group the largest manufactured company in the country is a serious competitor to Coca-Cola in many regions. Advertising:Coca-Cola's advertising has had a significant impact on Amer ican culture, and is frequently credited with the â€Å"invention† of the modern image of Santa Claus as an old man in red-and-white garments; however, while the company did in fact start promoting this image in the 1930s in its winter advertising campaigns, it was already common before that. In fact, Coca-Cola was not even the first soft drink company to utilize the modern image Santa Claus in its advertising – White Rock Beverages used Santa in advertisements for its ginger ale in 1923 after first using him to sell mineral water in 1915.In the 1970s, a song from a Coca-Cola commercial called â€Å"I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing†, produced by Billy Davis, became a popular hit single. Coca-Cola has a policy of avoiding using children younger than the age of 12 in any of its advertising. This decision was made as a result of a lawsuit from the beginning of the 20th century that alleged that Coke's caffeine content was dangerous to children. However, in recen t times, this has not stopped the company from targeting young consumers. In addition, it has not been disclosed in exact terms how safe Coke is for consumption by young children (or pregnant mothers).Coke's advertising has been rather pervasive, as one of Woodruff's stated goals was to ensure that everyone on Earth drank Coca-Cola as their preferred beverage. Advertising for Coke is now almost ubiquitous, especially in southern areas of North America, such as Atlanta, where Coke was born. Some of the memorable Coca-Cola television commercials between 1960 through 1986 were written and produced by former Atlanta radio veteran Don Naylor (WGST 1936-1950, WAGA 1951-1959) during his career as a producer for the McCann Erickson advertising agency.Many of these early television commercials for Coca-Cola featured movie stars, sports heroes, and popular singers of the day. During the 1980s, Pepsi-Cola ran a series of television advertisements showing people participating in taste tests ess entially demonstrating that: â€Å"Fifty percent of the participants who said they preferred Coke actually chose the Pepsi†. Statisticians were quick to point out the problematic nature of a 50/50 result; that most likely all this really showed was that in blind tests, most people simply cannot tell the difference between Pepsi and Coke.Coca-Cola ran ads to combat Pepsi's ads in an incident sometimes referred to as the cola wars; one of Coke's ads compared the so-called Pepsi challenge to two chimpanzees deciding which tennis ball was furrier. Thereafter, Coca-Cola regained its leadership in the market. Selena was a spokesperson for Coca-Cola from 1989 till the time of her death. She filmed three commercials for the company. In 1994 to commemorate her 5 years with the company, Coca-Cola issued special Selena coke bottles. In an attempt to broaden its portfolio, Coca-Cola purchased Columbia Pictures in 1982.Columbia provided subtle publicity through Coke product placements in many of its films while under Coke's ownership. However, after a few early successes, Columbia began to under-perform, and was dropped by the company in 1989. Coca-Cola has gone through a number of different advertising slogans in its long history, including â€Å"The pause that refreshes†, â€Å"I'd like to buy the world a Coke†, and â€Å"Coke is it† (see Coca-Cola slogans). Sponsorship of Sporting Events: Coca-Cola was the first-ever sponsor of the Olympic games, at the 1928 games in Amsterdam and has been an Olympics sponsor ever since.This corporate sponsorship included the 1996 Summer Olympics hosted in Atlanta, which allowed Coca-Cola to spotlight its hometown. Since 1978 Coca-Cola has sponsored each FIFA World Cup and other competitions organized by FIFA. In fact, one of the FIFA tournament trophy: FIFA World Youth Championship from Tunisia in 1977 to Malaysia in 1997 was called â€Å"FIFA – Coca Cola Cup†. In addition, Coca-Cola sponsors t he annual Coca-Cola 600 for the NASCAR Nextel Cup auto racing series at Lowe's Motor Speedway in Charlotte, North Carolina.Coca-Cola has a long history of sports marketing relationships, which over the years have included Major League Baseball, the National Football League, Criticisms Main article: Criticism of Coca-Cola: The Coca-Cola Company has been criticized for the alleged adverse health effects of its flagship product. However, a common criticism of Coke based on its allegedly toxic acidity levels has been found to be baseless by most researchers; lawsuits based on these criticisms have been dismissed by several American courts for this reason.Most nutritionists advise that Coca-Cola and other soft drinks can be harmful if consumed excessively, particularly to young children whose soft drink consumption competes with, rather than complements, a balanced diet. Studies have shown that regular soft drink users have a lower intake of calcium (which can contribute to osteoporosis) , magnesium, ascorbic acid, riboflavin, and vitamin A. The drink has also aroused criticism for its use of caffeine, an addictive substance which does not affect the products' taste.Although numerous court cases have been filed against The Coca-Cola Company since the 1920s, alleging that the acidity of the drink is dangerous, no evidence corroborating this claim has been found. Under normal conditions, scientific evidence indicates Coca-Cola's acidity causes no immediate harm. Like most other colas, Coca-Cola contains phosphoric acid. One study has shown that this hastens bone loss, contributing to illnesses such as osteoporosis. There is also some concern regarding the usage of high fructose corn syrup in the production of Coca-Cola.Since 1985 in the U. S. , Coke has been made with high fructose corn syrup, instead of sugar glucose or fructose, to reduce costs. This has come under criticism because of concerns that the corn used to produce corn syrup may come from genetically alter ed plants. Some nutritionists also caution against consumption of high fructose corn syrup because of possible links to obesity and diabetes. In India, there exists a major controversy concerning pesticides and other harmful chemicals in bottled products including Coca-Cola.In 2003, the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), a non-governmental organization in New Delhi, said aerated waters produced by soft drinks manufacturers in India, including multinational giants PepsiCo and Coca-Cola, contained toxins including lindane, DDT, malathion and chlorpyrifos — pesticides that can contribute to cancer and a breakdown of the immune system. Tested products included Coke, Pepsi, and several other soft drinks, many produced by The Coca-Cola Company.CSE found that the Indian produced Pepsi's soft drink products had 36 times the level of pesticide residues permitted under European Union regulations; Coca-Cola's soft drink was found to have 30 times the permitted amount. CSE said it had tested the same products sold in the US and found no such residues. After the pesticide allegations were made in 2003, Coca-Cola sales declined by 15%. In 2004, an Indian parliamentary committee backed up CSE's findings, and a government-appointed committee was tasked with developing the world's first pesticide standards for soft drinks.The Coca-Cola Company has responded that its plants filter water to remove potential contaminants and that its products are tested for pesticides and must meet minimum health standards before they are distributed. In the Indian state of Kerala, sale and production of Coca-Cola, along with other soft drinks, was initially banned, before the High Court in Kerala overturned the ban ruling that only the federal government can ban food products.In 2006, the United States Food and Drug Administration responded to reports that the carcinogen benzene was present in unhealthy levels in certain soft drinks by conducting a survey of more than 100 soft drin ks and other beverages. Based on this limited survey, the FDA stated that it â€Å"believes that the results indicate that benzene levels are not a safety concern for consumers. † [pic]History [pic] One of the Coca-Cola Company's headquarters buildings in Atlanta, GA. Pharmacist John Stith Pemberton invented a coca wine called Pemberton's French Wine Coca in 1884.He was inspired by the formidable success of French Angelo Mariani's coca wine, Vin Mariani. The following year, when Atlanta and Fulton County passed Prohibition legislation, Pemberton began to develop a non-alcoholic version of the French Wine Coca. He named it Coca-Cola, because it included the stimulant coca leaves from South America and was flavored using kola nuts, a source of caffeine. Pemberton ran the first advertisement for the beverage on May 29 that year in the Atlanta Journal.In 1887, while suffering from an ongoing addiction to morphine, Pemberton sold a stake in his company to Asa Griggs Candler, who i ncorporated it as the Coca Cola Corporation in 1888. In the same year, Pemberton sold the rights a second time to three more businessmen: J. C. Mayfield, A. O. Murphy, and E. H. Blood worth. Meanwhile, Pemberton's alcoholic son Charley Pemberton began selling his own version of the product. Three versions of Coca-Cola — sold by three separate businesses — were on the market.In 1899 Candler sold the exclusive rights, for $1 (USD) to bottle Coca-Cola in most of the United States to two entrepreneurs from Chattarnooga, TN, Benjamin Thomas and Joseph B. Whitehead who subsequently founded the Coca-Cola Bottling Company In 1919 Candler sold his company to Atlanta banker Ernest Woodruff. According to the 2005 Annual Report, the company sells beverage products in more than 200 countries. The report further states that of the more than 50 billion beverage servings of all types consumed worldwide every day, beverages bearing the trademarks owned by or licensed to Coca-Cola accou nt for approximately 1. billion. Of these, beverages bearing the trademark â€Å"Coca-Cola† or â€Å"Coke† accounted for approximately 55% of the Company's total gallon sales. Also according to the 2005 Annual Report, Coca-Cola had gallon sales distributed as follows: 27% in the United States 27% in Mexico, Brazil, Japan and China 46% in spread throughout the world Bottlers In general, The Coca-Cola Company (TCCC) and/or subsidiaries only produces (or produce) syrup concentrate which is then sold to various bottlers throughout the world who hold a Coca-Cola franchise.Coca-Cola bottlers, who hold territorially exclusive contracts with the company, produce finished product in cans and bottles from the concentrate in combination with filtered water and sweeteners. The bottlers then sell, distribute and merchandise the resulting Coca-Cola product to retail stores, vending machines, restaurants and food service distributors. One notable exception to this general relationshi p between TCCC and bottlers is fountain syrups in the United States, where TCCC bypasses bottlers and is responsible for the manufacture and sale of fountain syrups directly to authorized fountain wholesalers and some fountain retailers.In 2005, Coca-Cola had equity positions in 51 unconsolidated bottling, canning and distribution operations which produced approximately 58% of volume. Significant investees include: 36% of Coca-Cola Enterprises which produces (by population) for 78% of USA, 98% of Canada and 100% of Great Britain (but not Northern Ireland), continental France and the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium and Monaco. 40% of Coca-Cola FEMSA, S. A. de C. V. which produces (by population) for 48% of Mexico, 16% of Brazil, 98% of Colombia, 47% of Guatemala, 100% of Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama and Venezuela, and 30% of Argentina. 4% of Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Company S. A. which produces (by population) for 67% of Italy and 100% of Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzeg ovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Nigeria, Northern Ireland, Poland, Rep. of Ireland, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland and Ukraine. 34% of Coca-Cola Amatil which produces (by population) for 98% of Indonesia and 100% of Australia, Indonesia, New Zealand, South Korea, Fiji and Papua New Guinea. 7% of Coca-Cola Bottling Co. which is the second largest Coca-Cola bottler in the United States. The company was incorporated in 1980, and â€Å"its predecessors have been in the soft drink manufacturing and distribution business since 1902. Products and brands [pic] [pic] Diet Coke was introduced in 1982 to offer an alternative to dieters worried about the high number of calories present in Classic Coke. Main article: Coca-Cola brands The Coca-Cola Company offers nearly 400 brands in over 200 countries, besides its namesake Coca-Cola beverage.This includes other varieties of Co ca-Cola such as Diet Coke (introduced in 1982), which uses aspartame, a synthetic phenylalanine-based sweetener, to eliminate the sugar content of the drink; Caffeine-free Coke; Cherry Coke (1985); Diet Cherry Coke (1986); Coke with Lemon (2001); Diet Coke with Lemon (2001); Vanilla Coke (2002); Diet Vanilla Coke (2002); Coca-Cola C2 (2004); Coke with Lime (2004); Diet Coke with Lime (2004); Diet Coke with Splenda (2005), Coca-Cola Zero (2005), Coca-Cola Black Cherry Vanilla (2006), Diet Coca-Cola Black Cherry Vanilla (2006), and Coca-Cola BlaK. Information on brands of coca-cola: [pic]Coca-colaThe world's favorite drink. The world's most valuable brand. The most recognizable word across the world after OK. Coca-Cola has a truly remarkable heritage. From a humble beginning in 1886, it is now the flagship brand of the largest manufacturer, marketer and distributor of non-alcoholic beverages in the world In India, Coca-Cola was the leading soft-drink till 1977 when govt. policies nece ssitated its departure. Coca-Cola made its return to the country in 1993 and made significant investments to ensure that the beverage is available to more and more people, even in the remote and inaccessible parts of the nation.Coca-Cola returned to India in 1993 and over the past ten years has captured the imagination of the nation, building strong associations with cricket, the thriving cinema industry, music etc. Coca-Cola has been very strongly associated with cricket, sponsoring the World Cup in 1996 and various other tournaments, including the Coca-Cola Cup in Sharjah in the late nineties. Coca-Cola's advertising campaigns Jo Chaho Ho Jaye and Life ho to Aisi were very popular and had entered the youth's vocabulary. In 2002, Coca-Cola launched the campaign â€Å"Thanda Matlab Coca-Cola† which sky-rocketed the brand to make it India's favorite soft-drink brand.In 2003, Coke was available for just Rs. 5 across the country and this pricing initiative together with improved distribution ensured that all brands in the portfolio grew leaps and bounds. Coca-Cola had signed on various celebrities including movie stars such as Karishma Kapoor, cricketers such as Srinath, Sourav Ganguly, southern celebrities like Vijay in the past and today, its brand ambassadors are Aamir Khan, Aishwarya Rai, Vivek Oberoi and cricketer Virendra Sehwag. [pic]Fanta Internationally, Fanta – The ‘orange' drink of The Coca-Cola Company, is seen as one of the favorite drinks since 1940's.Fanta entered the Indian market in the year 1993. Over the years Fanta has occupied a strong market place and is identified as â€Å"The Fun Catalyst†. Perceived as a fun youth brand, Fanta stands for its vibrant color, tempting taste and tingling bubbles that not just uplifts feelings but also helps free spirit thus encouraging one to indulge in the moment. This positive imagery is associated with happy, cheerful and special times with friends. [pic]Georgia In the company's journey towards the vision ‘leading the beverage revolution in India', now even Garam matlab Coca-Cola†¦.A hot new launch from Coca-Cola India. Georgia, quality tea and coffee served from state of the art vending machines is positioned to tap into the nation’s biggest beverage category. Georgia, which promises a great tasting, consistent, hygienic and affordable cuppa is available in a range of [pic]sizzling flavours, adrak, elaichi, masala and plain tea cappuccino, mochaccino and regular coffee. Georgia aims to become the consumers preferred choice of hot beverage when he is on the go; the brand is well on course to achieving its visionWhile Georgia is a mass market offering, Georgia Gold is the premium brand which caters to the connoisseur. Made from freshly roasted and ground coffee beans, Georgia Gold is delicious tasting aroma with the tantalizing aroma of fresh coffee. Currently available exclusively at McDonald’s outlets across the country Georgia Gol d has driven coffee sales through the roof. The success of hot beverages from Georgia Gold has resulted in extension into the cold category, with the introduction of Ice Tea and Cold Coffee [pic] Kinley Water, a thirst quencher that refreshes, a life giving force that washes all the toxins away.A ritual purifier that cleanses, purifies, transforms. Water, the most basic need of life, the very sustenance of Life, a celebration of life itself. The importance of water can never be understated. Particularly in a nation such as India where water governs the lives of the millions, be it as part of everyday rituals or as the monsoon which gives life to the sub-continent. Kinley water understands the importance and value of this life giving force. Kinley water thus promises water that is as pure as it is meant to be. Water you can trust to be truly safe and pure.Kinley water comes with the assurance of safety from the Coca-Cola Company. That is why we introduced Kinley with reverse-osmosis along with the latest technology to ensure the purity of our product. That's why we go through rigorous testing procedures at each and every location where Kinley is produced. Because we believe that right to pure, safe drinking water is fundamental. A universal need that cannot be left to chance [pic]Sprite Worldwide Sprite is ranked as the No. 4 soft drink. It is sold in more than 190 countries Worldwide Sprite is ranked as the No. soft drink & is sold in more than 190 countries. In India, Sprite was launched in year 1999 & todayit has grown to be one of the fastest growing soft drinks, leading the Clear lime category. Today Sprite is perceived as a youth icon. Why? With a strong appeal to the youth, Sprite has stood for a straight forward and honest attitude. Its clear crisp refreshing taste encourages the today's youth to trust their instincts, influence them to be true to who they are and to obey their thirst. [pic]Limca Lime n' lemony Limca, the drink that can cast a tangy ref reshing spell on anyone, anywhere.Born in 1971, Limca has been the original thirst choice, of millions of consumers for over 3 decades The brand has been displaying healthy volume growths year on year and Limca continues to be the leading flavor soft drink in the country. The success formula? The sharp fizz and lemony bite combined with the single minded positioning of the brand as the ultimate refresher has continuously strengthened the brand franchise. Limca energizes refreshes and transforms. Dive into the zingy refreshment of Limca and walk away a new person†¦ [pic]Maaza Maaza was launched in 1976.Here was a drink that offered the same real taste of fruit juices and was available throughout the year. In 1993, Maaza was acquired by Coca-Cola India. Maaza currently dominates the fruit drink category. Over the years, brand Maaza has become synonymous with Mango. This has been the result of such successful campaigns like â€Å"Taaza Mango, Maaza Mango† and â€Å"Botal m ein Aam, Maaza hain Naam†. Consumers regard Maaza as wholesome, the current advertising of Maaza positions it as an enabler of fun friendship moments between moms and kids as moms trust the brand and the kids love its taste.The campaign builds on the existing equity of the brand and delivers a relevant emotional benefit to the moms rightly captured in the tagline â€Å"Yaari Dosti Taaza Maaza† [pic]Thums up Strong Cola Taste, Exciting Personality Thums Up is a leading carbonated soft drink and most trusted brand in India. Originally introduced in 1977, Thums Up was acquired by The   Coca-Cola Company in 1993 Thums Up is known for its strong, fizzy taste and its confident, mature   and uniquely masculine attitude. This brand clearly seeks to separate the men from the boys Career at Coca-Cola:Every person who drinks a Coca-Cola enjoys a moment of refreshment – and shares in an experience that millions of others have savored. And all of those individual experien ces combined have created worldwide phenomenon. The Secret of Formula: Commitment, tempered by Passion and seasoned with a great deal of Fun is the Coke way of life. Drawing upon our collective energies, this Secret Formula drives us to achieve greater results collaboratively and thoroughly enjoy ourselves while doing it! The pace, energy and passion of our people constitute the invisible glue that make us one of the most sought after workplaces. Participative Leadership:Right from our interactions in the market, our Business Planning and our Brand launches, to our Employee Engagement Programs, our Values Agenda, and employee processes, every system is available for continuous improvement. A learning atmosphere, enabled by our Manifesto for Growth, helps us seek and replicate the learning’s from within and outside our organization. Our Engagement programs enable us to examine, validate and improve ourselves, constantly. Our colleagues involve themselves in our opportunities f or participative leadership volunteering for work groups that assist decision-making in critical processes.CAMPUS RECRUITMENTS: A taste of summer the Coca-Cola Summer Trainee Program is designed to facilitate the professional development of young talent and identify talented culture-fit employees for the company's Management Trainee program. The Summer Trainee program provides a learning of the vagaries and complexities of our business ‘from the ground up'. With value-creating live projects, the intern begins appreciating the intricacies of his or her function and the impact that it has on business. The quality and content of projects provides an opportunity to complement your classroom learning with hands-on experience.The Coca-Cola Management Trainee Program is the first step towards developing business general managers. A structured assessment process at some of the country's premier business schools ensures that we hire the right talent to groom them into senior management positions. A cross-functional training program spread over six months across the country builds an appreciation of the complexity of the business as well as help you understand the its interlink ages. The learning experience is also spiced up with value-creating projects in the functional stints. Ground learning’s are further consolidated with tructured classroom sessions from the field managers themselves and a Community Development stint helps the leaders of tomorrow to relate to their environment and reaffirms our commitment to the communities that we work in. Women Operations Trainees Program: The WOTES program is based on the Company philosophy that reemphasizes Equal Opportunity and Meritocracy as a core value of the Company’s operations. The program not only aims to grow the business in sync with the Company’s diverse community and consumer base but also intends to engage confident educated Indian women to be an integral part of our organization.The WOTE S or Women Operations Trainees Program is a focused Sales Training program for Women executives who will supplement the sales force in Frontline Sales. Spanning six-months the program consists of a three-month introduction to Sales the Coke way, followed by three months of on-the-job training at their prospective locations. The program imparts invaluable learning and an exposure to on-ground market conditions. At the end of the training, the WOTES will join the field force managing the sales operations across the country.We are guided by the shared values that guide us a Company and as individuals: [pic]Leadership ‘The courage to shape a better future’ [pic]Passion ‘Committed in heart and mind’ [pic]Integrity ‘Be real’ [pic]Accountability ‘If it is to be, it’s up to me [pic]Collaboration ‘Leverage collective genius’ [pic]Innovation ‘Seek, imagine, create, delight’ [pic]Quality ‘What we do, we do well ’ Respecting Ideals We Have Grown With Coca-Cola treasures its people as the most valuable asset, and assert with pride the role its human resources have played in establishing a consistent set of ideals.The Company attributes its unabated growth momentum worldwide to the disciplined approach of its manpower, and promises to reward its employees by respecting these ideals to sustain its long-term growth plans, no matter how much the world and business structures undergo changes. Integrity Is Our Key Ingredient Of Success we believe our success primarily hinges on integrity, and hence, our absolute thrust is on ensuring quality control for each and every of our products, acting with a strong sense of accountability in everything we do.Integrating Our Global Brand With Local Perspectives: Our people have always acknowledged that building and nurturing relationships with people and the world around us is an essential part of our work. No matter how big or complex our business be comes, we recognize the need to demonstrate complete respect for each other. As the world becomes more and more interconnected, yet more firmly rooted in local pride, identification of our interdependence with our stakeholders becomes even more essential.As we have expanded over the decades, our company has benefited from the various cultural insights and perspectives of the societies in which we do business. A large part of our relationship with the world around us is our relationship with the physical world. While we have always sought to be sensitive to the environment, we must use our significant resources and capabilities to provide active leadership on environmental issues, particularly those relevant to our businesses.Much of our future success will depend on our ability to develop a worldwide team that is rich in its diversity of thinking, perspectives, backgrounds and culture. Coca-Cola is the world's most inclusive brand, and Coca-Cola must also be the world's most inclusi ve company Corporate response: The Coca-Cola Company believes our business has always been based on the trust consumers everywhere place in us—trust that is earned by what we do as a corporate citizen and by our ability to live our values as a commercial enterprise.There is much in our world to celebrate, refresh, strengthen and protect. Through our actions as local citizens, we strive every day to refresh the marketplace, enrich the workplace, preserve the environment and strengthen our communities. At the heart of our business is the trust consumers place in us. They rightly expect that we are managing our business according to sound ethical principles, that we are enhancing the health of our communities, and that we are using natural resources responsibly. Media:Touching lives of a few more Fisherman- closer to 2nd anniversary of Tsunami Coca-Cola India Dedicates New Dockyard and Marketing Centre to Cuddlier Fishing Community Continuing its long-standing and ongoing suppor t to communities affected by Tsunami in Tamil Nadu, Coca-Cola India and Hindustan Coca Cola Beverage Pvt. Ltd and to realize their common vision to strengthen the communities, dedicated a boat dockyard and a large Marketing Centre to the fishing community in Pudhukuppam, situated 25 kms from Cuddalore in Tamilnadu.This was done by organizing a large community mobilization camp on November 26, 2006 in presence of hundreds of members of community, District Collector, representatives of our partner NGO- AFPRO and other dignitaries. The Dockyard facility aims to create new economic opportunities for the fishing families in Pudhukuppam. While the dockyard will ensure that the boats will not get impacted during disasters and the marketing centre ensures that the fishermen get good price right at their doorstep. Earlier, Coca-Cola had provided fiber motorized boats and fishing nets to a group of 80 fishermen in adjoining village in the same area.The district collector Sh. Gagandeep Singh B edi, present at the occasion, commended Coca-Cola’s effort for such a unique project post Tsunami, which will touch the lives of the poorest of the fisherman. Sh Bedi highlighted that the project is unique as not only it is first Dock Yard coming up post Tsunami but that the marketing centre will help touch lives of even the smallest of the fisherman. The boat dockyard and marketing center together are expected to considerably ease the burden of storage, transportation and sale of the catch for approximately 3000 fishing families that live in the surrounding area.Speaking on the occasion the Panchayat President said that, â€Å"This initiative by Coca-Cola India and Action for Food Production (AFPRO) to bring about a renewed economic change is heartily welcome. The new boat dockyard would enable the fishermen to dock their boats safely and the proximity of the dockyard to the main market and the road will ease the burden of transportation, preservation and disposal of the ca tch†. He added that such corporate contributions are the only way the region’s fishing community – recently affected by the disastrous tsunami – will regain economic stability.With the financial investment from Coca-Cola India, the dockyard is built with technical support from Action for Food Production (AFPRO), a socio-technical non-governmental organization working for the development of the rural poor through effective natural resource management solutions. The new dockyard has been constructed at a convenient location further inland on the backwaters and away from the coast so that boats can be safely anchored and can be protected from any natural calamity like tsunami